Lenses, devices, methods and systems for refractive error

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is directed to lenses, devices, methods and/or systems for addressing refractive error. Certain embodiments are directed to changing or controlling the wavefront of the light entering a human eye. The lenses, devices, methods and/or systems can be used for correcting, addressing, mitigating or treating refractive errors and provide excellent vision at distances encompassing far to near without significant ghosting. The refractive error may for example arise from myopia, hyperopia, or presbyopia with or without astigmatism. Certain disclosed embodiments of lenses, devices and/or methods include embodiments that address foveal and/or peripheral vision. Exemplary of lenses in the fields of certain embodiments include contact lenses, corneal onlays, corneal inlays, and lenses for intraocular devices both anterior and posterior chamber, accommodating intraocular lenses, electro-active spectacle lenses and/or refractive surgery.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a 371 U.S. National Stage of InternationalApplication No. PCT/AU2013/000354, filed Apr. 5, 2013, which claimspriority to Australian Patent Applications Nos. 2012901382, filed Apr.5, 2012 and 2012904541, filed Oct. 17, 2012. The entire disclosures ofthe above applications are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD

Certain disclosed embodiments include lenses, devices and/or methods forchanging or controlling the wavefront of light entering an eye, inparticular a human eye.

Certain disclosed embodiments are directed to the configuration oflenses, devices, methods and/or systems for correcting or treatingrefractive errors.

Certain disclosed embodiments are directed to the configuration oflenses, devices, methods and/or systems for addressing refractive errorswhile provide excellent vision from far to near without significantghosting.

Certain disclosed embodiments include lenses, devices and/or methods forcorrecting, treating, mitigating and/or addressing refractive error, inparticular in human eyes. The refractive error may for example arisefrom myopia or hyperopia, with or without astigmatism. The refractiveerror may arise from presbyopia, either alone or in combination withmyopia or hyperopia and with or without astigmatism.

Certain disclosed embodiments of lenses, devices and/or methods includeembodiments that address foveal vision; certain embodiments that addressboth foveal and peripheral vision; and certain other embodiments addressperipheral vision.

Exemplary of lenses in the fields of certain embodiments include contactlenses, corneal onlays, corneal inlays, and lenses for intraoculardevices (both anterior and posterior chamber).

Exemplary devices in the fields of certain disclosed embodiments includeaccommodating intraocular lenses and/or electro-active spectacle lenses.

Exemplary methods in the fields of certain embodiments include methodsof changing the refractive state and/or wavefront of light entering aneye and received by a retina of the eye (e.g. refractive surgery,corneal ablation), methods of design and/or manufacture of lenses andoptical devices, methods of surgery to alter the refractive state of aneye and methods of controlling stimulus for progression of eye growth.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED MATERIALS

This application claims priority to Australian Provisional ApplicationNo. 2012/901,382, entitled, “Devices and Methods for Refractive ErrorControl” filed on 5 Apr. 2012, and Australian Provisional ApplicationNo. 2012/904,541 entitled Lenses, Devices and Methods for OcularRefractive Error”, 17 Oct. 2012. These Australian ProvisionalApplications are both incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. In addition, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,077,522 and 7,357,509 are eachincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

For an image to be perceived clearly, the optics of the eye shouldresult in an image that is focussed on the retina. Myopia, commonlyknown as short-sightedness, is an optical disorder of the eye whereinon-axis images are focussed in front of the fovea of the retina.Hyperopia, commonly known as long-sightedness, is an optical disorder ofthe eye wherein on-axis images are focussed behind the fovea of theretina. The focussing of images in front of or behind the fovea of theretina creates a lower order aberration of defocus. Another lower orderaberration is astigmatism. An eye may also have higher order opticalaberrations, including, for example, spherical aberration, coma and/ortrefoil. Many people experiencing natural refractive error areprogressing (the refractive error is increasing over time). Progressionis particularly widespread in people with myopia. Schematicrepresentations of eyes exhibiting myopia or hyperopia and astigmatismare shown in FIGS. 1A-C respectively. In a myopic eye 100, the parallelincoming beam of light 102 passes the refractive elements of the eye,namely, the cornea 104 and crystalline lens 106, to a focal point 108short of the retina 110. The image on the retina 110 is thereforeblurred. In a hyperopic eye 120, the parallel incoming beam of light 122passes the refractive elements of the eye, namely, the cornea 124 andcrystalline lens 126, to a focal point 128 beyond the retina 130, againrendering the image on the retina 130 blurred. In an astigmatic eye 140,the parallel incoming beam of light 142 passes the refractive elementsof the eye, namely, cornea 144 and crystalline lens 146, and results intwo foci, namely tangential 148 and sagittal 158 foci. In the example ofastigmatism shown in FIG. 1C, the tangential focus 148 is in front theretina 160 while the sagittal focus 158 is behind the retina 160. Theimage on the retina in the astigmatic case is referred to as circle ofleast confusion 160.

At birth human eyes are generally hyperopic, i.e. the axial length ofthe eyeball is too short for its optical power. With age, from infancyto adulthood, the eyeball continues to grow until its refractive statestabilizes. Elongation of the eye in a growing human may be controlledby a feedback mechanism, known as the emmetropisation process, so thatthe position of focus relative to the retina plays a role in controllingthe extent of eye growth. Deviation from this process would potentiallyresult in refractive disorders like myopia, hyperopia and/orastigmatism. While there is ongoing research into the cause of deviationof emmetropisation from stabilising at emmetropia, one theory is thatoptical feedback can provide a part in controlling eye growth. Forexample, FIG. 2 shows cases that would, under a feedback mechanismtheory of the emmetropisation process, alter the emmetropisationprocess. In FIG. 2A, the parallel incoming beam of light 202 passesthrough a negative refractive element 203 and the refractive elements ofthe eye (the cornea 204 and crystalline lens 206), to form an image atfocus point 208, overshooting the retina 210. The resulting image bluron the retina, called hyperopic defocus, is an example of defocus thatmay encourage eye growth under this feedback mechanism. In contrast, asseen in FIG. 2B, the parallel incoming beam of light 252 passes througha positive refractive element 253, the refractive elements of the eye(cornea 254 and crystalline lens 256) to form an image at focus point258 in front of the retina 260. The resulting image blur, called myopicdefocus, on this retina is considered to be an example of defocusinduced at the retina that would not encourage eye growth. Therefore, ithas been proposed that progression of myopic refractive error can becontrolled by positioning of the focus in front of the retina. For anastigmatic system, the spherical equivalent, i.e. the mid-point betweenthe tangential and sagittal foci, may be positioned in front of theretina. These proposals have not however provided a full explanation orsolution, particularly in the case of progressing myopia.

A number of optical device designs and refractive surgery methods havebeen proposed to control the growth of the eye during emmetropisation.Many are generally based on refinements to the idea summarised abovethat foveal imagery provides a stimulus that controls the growth of theeye. In humans, the eye grows longer during emmetropisation and cannotgrow shorter. Accordingly, during emmetropisation an eye may grow longerto correct for hyperopia, but it cannot grow shorter to correct formyopia. Proposals have been made for addressing myopia progression.

In addition to proposed optical strategies to counter the development ofrefractive error and its progression, in particular myopia, there hasalso been interest in strategies that involve non-optical interventionlike pharmacological substances, such as atropine or pirenzipine.

Another condition of the eye is presbyopia, in which the eye's abilityto accommodate is reduced or the eye has lost its ability toaccommodate. Presbyopia may be experienced in combination with myopia,hyperopia, astigmatism and higher order aberrations. Different methods,devices and lenses to address presbyopia have been proposed, includingin the form of bifocal, multifocal or progressive additionlenses/devices, which simultaneously provide two or more foci to theeye. Common types of lenses used for presbyopia include the following:single vision reading glasses, bifocal or multifocal spectacles;centre-near or centre-distance bifocal and multifocal contact lenses,concentric (ring-type) bifocal contact lenses or multifocal intraocularlenses.

In addition, on occasion it is necessary to remove the crystalline lensof an eye, for example if the person is suffering from cataracts. Theremoved natural crystalline lens may be replaced by an intraocular lens.Accommodating intraocular lenses allow the eye to control the refractivepower of the lens, for example through haptics extending from the lensto the ciliary body.

Masking has been proposed as a way to improve the depth of focus of theeye. However, masking results in loss of light to the eye which is anundesirable quality as it at least deteriorates the contrast of theimages cast on the retina. In addition, these features are a challengeto implement on lenses for example, contact and/or intra ocular lenses.

Some problems with existing lenses, devices, methods and/or systems arethat, for example, they attempt to correct refractive errors butcompromise the quality of the vision at different distances and/orintroduce ghosting and/or distortion. Accordingly, what is needed arelenses, devices, methods and/or systems for mitigating and/or addressingrefractive errors, for example, myopia, hyperopia or presbyopia, with orwithout astigmatism, without causing at least one or more of theshortcomings discussed herein. Other solutions will become apparent asdiscussed herein.

SUMMARY

Certain embodiments are directed to various lenses, devices and/ormethods for providing an aberration profile for an eye. Characteristicsof aberration profiles and/or methodologies for identifying aberrationprofiles are described for myopic eyes, hyperopic eyes and/or presbyopiceyes. In addition lenses, devices and methods for an eye withastigmatism are disclosed.

In certain embodiments, a lens for an eye has an optical axis and anaberration profile about its optical axis, the aberration profile havinga focal distance and including at least one of a primary sphericalaberration component C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberrationcomponent C(6,0). The aberration profile provides a retinal imagequality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that degrades in a direction ofeye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3. The RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratiomeasured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in therange 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within therange 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive. In other embodiments the RIQ measuremay be different.

In certain embodiments, a lens includes an optical axis and anaberration profile about the optical axis that provides a focal distancefor a C(2,0) Zernike coefficient term; a peak Visual Strehl Ratio(‘first Visual Strehl Ratio’) within a through focus range, and a VisualStrehl Ratio that remains at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio overthe through focus range that includes said focal distance, wherein theVisual Strehl Ratio is measured for at least one pupil diameter in therange 3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from within the range540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and wherein the first Visual Strehl Ratio isat least 0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.10 and thethrough focus range is at least 1.8 Dioptres.

In certain embodiments, a method for a presbyopic eye includesidentifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eye, the wavefrontaberration profile including at least two spherical aberration terms.The prescription focal distance of the aberration profile is determinedtaking into account said spherical aberration and wherein theprescription focal distance is at least +0.25 D relative to a focaldistance for a C(2,0) Zernike coefficient term of the wavefrontaberration profile. The method may include producing a device, lensand/or corneal profile for the eye to affect said wavefront aberrationprofile.

In certain embodiments, a method for a myopic eye includes identifying awavefront aberration profile for the eye and applying or prescribing theaberration profile. The wavefront aberration profile includes at leasttwo spherical aberration terms, wherein the prescription focal distanceof the aberration profile is determined taking into account saidspherical aberration and wherein the prescription focal distance is atleast +0.10 D relative to a focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernikecoefficient term of the wavefront aberration profile. The wavefrontaberration profile also provides a degrading retinal image quality inthe direction posterior to the retina.

Certain embodiments are directed to, a method for a hyperopic eye, themethod comprising identifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eyeand applying or prescribing the aberration profile. The wavefrontaberration profile includes at least two spherical aberration terms,wherein the prescription focal distance of the wavefront aberrationprofile is determined taking into account said spherical aberration. Atthe prescription focal distance the wavefront aberration profileprovides an improving retinal image quality in the direction posteriorto the retina.

In certain embodiments a computational device includes an input toreceive first combination of aberrations, one or more processors tocompute a second combination of aberrations for one or more opticalsurfaces, and an output to output the second combination of aberrations,wherein the computed second combination of aberrations provides incombination with the first combination of aberrations a totalcombination of higher order aberrations (HOA) as disclosed herein. Incertain embodiments, the computational device may be used to generatepower profiles, aberration profiles, wavefront ablation profiles orcombinations thereof. These computations may then be used for contactlenses, corneal inlays, corneal onlays, single and dual elementintra-ocular lenses anterior and/or posterior chamber, accommodativeintra-ocular lenses, wavefront ablation for corneal refractive surgerytechniques and other suitable devices and/or applications.

Further embodiments and or advantages of one or more embodiments willbecome apparent from the following description, given by way of exampleand with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentdisclosure will become better understood with regard to the followingdescription, appended claims, and accompanying figures.

FIGS. 1A-1C are schematic representations of eyes exhibiting myopia,hyperopia and astigmatism respectively.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic representations respectively of hyperopicdefocus and myopic defocus induced at the retina.

FIG. 3 shows a two-dimensional through-focus point spread functioncomputed at the retinal plane without higher order aberrations (HOA) andin the presence of HOA of spherical aberration, vertical coma andhorizontal trefoil, according to certain embodiments.

FIGS. 4 to 7 show graphs of the interaction of primary sphericalaberration with horizontal coma, vertical coma, horizontal trefoil andvertical trefoil respectively, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 8 shows a graph indicating the magnitude of myopia progressionunder an optical feedback mechanism for eye growth, for primaryspherical aberration vs. primary vertical astigmatism vs. primaryhorizontal astigmatism, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 9 shows a graph indicating the magnitude of myopia progression forprimary spherical aberration vs. secondary vertical astigmatism vs.secondary horizontal astigmatism, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 10 shows a graph indicating the myopia progression on a binaryscale for primary spherical aberration vs. secondary sphericalaberration, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 11 shows a graph indicating the myopia progression on a binaryscale for primary spherical aberration vs. tertiary sphericalaberration, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 12 shows a graph indicating the myopia progression on a binaryscale for primary spherical aberration vs. quaternary sphericalaberration, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 13 shows a graph indicating the myopia progression on a binaryscale for primary spherical aberration vs. secondary sphericalaberration vs. tertiary spherical aberration, according to certainembodiments.

FIG. 14 shows example designs of aberration profiles that providenegative and positive gradient RIQ in a direction of eye growth,according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 15 shows a work flow chart for myopic eyes, progressing ornon-progressing, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 16 shows a work flow chart for hyperopic eyes, progressing ornon-progressing towards emmetropia, according to certain embodiments.

FIGS. 17 to 25 show example designs of power profiles of correcting lensacross the optic zone diameter, for affecting optical feedbackmechanisms for myopia, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 26 shows an example design of a power profile of correcting lensacross the optic zone diameter, for affecting optical feedbackmechanisms for hyperopia, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 27 shows a global through-focus retinal image quality (TFRIQ) foran aberration profile corresponding to a single vision lens.

FIG. 28 shows a global TFRIQ for a first aberration profile (IterationA1), which may have application to a progressing myopic eye.

FIG. 29 shows the power profile for a lens for providing the firstaberration profile (Iteration A1), according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 30 shows a global TFRIQ for a second aberration profile (IterationA2), which may also have application to a progressing myopic eye,according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 31 shows the power profile across full chord diameter for a secondaberration profile (Iteration A2), according to certain embodiments.

FIGS. 32 and 33 show a global TFRIQ for a third and fourth aberrationprofile (Iteration C1 and Iteration C2 represented as power profilesacross optic chord diameter in FIGS. 34 and 35), which may haveapplication to a hyperopic eye, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 36 shows a retinal image quality (RIQ) for seven aberrationprofiles over a through focus range of 2.5D. The seven aberrationprofiles correspond to example centre-distance and centre-near asphericmultifocals and concentric ring/annulus type bifocals and threeexemplary aberration profiles (Iteration B1, Iteration B2, Iteration B3)obtained after optimising through focus performance, according tocertain embodiments.

FIGS. 37 to 43 show the power profiles of contact lenses across theoptic zone diameter, for providing the TFRIQ described in FIG. 36,according to certain embodiments.

FIGS. 44 to 46 show the on-axis TFRIQ for the three exemplaryembodiments for presbyopia (Iteration B1, B2 and B3) across four pupildiameters (3 mm to 6 mm) and FIGS. 47 and 48 show the on-axis TFRIQ forthe centre-distance and centre-near concentric designs across four pupildiameters (3 mm to 6 mm), according to certain embodiments.

FIGS. 49 and 50 show the on-axis TFRIQ for the centre-distance andcentre-near aspheric multifocal designs across four pupil diameters (3mm to 6 mm), according to certain embodiments.

FIGS. 51 and 52 show a monocular correction approach for presbyopia,where different higher order aberration profiles provided for the rightand left eyes, by which the through-focus optical and/or visualperformance is different in the right and left eye (desired vergences)to provide a combined add power range of 1.5D and 2.5D, on the negativeside of through-focus curve, respectively, according to certainembodiments.

FIGS. 53 and 54 show a monocular correction approach for presbyopia,where different higher order aberration profiles provided for the rightand left eyes, by which the through-focus optical and/or visualperformance is different in the right and left eye (desired vergences)to provide a combined add power range of 1.5D and 2.5D, on the positiveside of through-focus curve, respectively, according to certainembodiments.

FIG. 55 shows a global TFRIQ for three further iterations of aberrationprofile (Iterations A3, A4 and A5 represented in FIGS. 56, 57 and 58,respectively), for providing a substantially constant retinal imagequality across a horizontal visual field from 0 to 30 degrees, accordingto certain embodiments.

FIGS. 59 and 60 show example designs of the power profile of correctingcontact lenses with opposite phase profiles (Iteration E1 and IterationE2) and FIGS. 61 to 63 show the on-axis TFRIQ for Iterations E1 and E2with three different levels of inherent primary spherical aberration ofthe candidate eye, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 64 shows the TFRIQ performance measures (depth of focus) of 78exemplary aberration profiles (Appendix A) that involve a combination ofspherical aberration terms. The Y-axis in the graph denotes ‘Q’performance metric and X-axis denotes the through-focus range from −1.5to +1D. In this exemplary, the calculations were performed at 4 mmpupil. The solid black line indicates the through-focus performance of acombination that does not have a mode of spherical aberration while thegray lines indicate the 78 combinations which include at least onehigher order spherical aberration term. The 78 combinations wereselected with regard to performance on the negative side of thethrough-focus curve, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 65 shows the TFRIQ performance of one exemplary combination fromFIG. 56 that involves only positive spherical aberration in comparisonwith a combination that has no spherical aberration, according tocertain embodiments.

FIG. 66 shows the TFRIQ performance measures (depth of focus) of 67exemplary aberration profiles that involve a combination of sphericalaberration terms (Appendix C). The Y-axis in the graph denotes ‘Q’performance metric and X-axis denotes the through-focus range from −1.5to +1D. In this exemplary, the calculations were performed at 4 mmpupil. The solid black line indicates the through-focus performance of acombination that does not have a mode of spherical aberration while thegray lines indicate the 67 combinations which include at least onehigher order spherical aberration term. These 67 combinations improveperformance on the positive side of the through-focus curve, accordingto certain embodiments.

FIG. 67 shows a work flow chart for presbyopic eyes, according tocertain embodiments.

FIG. 68 shows a power profile for a toric prescription of a contact lensfor both astigmatism and presbyopia, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 69 shows an example lens power profile, which is availed from anexemplary combination of spherical aberration terms and FIG. 70 showsthe lens power profile converted to an axial thickness profile for acontact lens, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 71 shows an example of axial power profile of lens across acomplete chord diameter (Iteration G1), which is one exemplary of designset whose performance is substantially independent of inherent sphericalaberration of the candidate eye, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 72 shows the TFRIQ of an exemplary, described as Iteration G1, at 4mm pupil diameter. Y-axis denotes RIQ performance metric and X-axisdenotes through-focus range from −1D to +1.75D. The four differentlegends, solid black line, solid gray line, dashed black like and, soliddouble line represent four different levels of spherical aberration in asample of the affected population at 5 mm pupil diameter, according tocertain embodiments.

FIG. 73 shows the TFRIQ of an exemplary, described as Iteration G1, at a5 mm pupil diameter. Y-axis denotes RIQ performance metric and X-axisdenotes through-focus range from −1D to +1.75D. The four differentlegends, solid black line, solid gray line, dashed black like and, soliddouble line represent four different levels of spherical aberration in asample of the affected population, at 5 mm pupil diameter, according tocertain embodiments.

FIG. 74 shows an example of axial power profile of a lens across ahalf-chord diameter (Iteration J1), which is one exemplary of design setfor an intra-ocular lens used to restore vision at distances,encompassing far to near, after removal of the crystalline lens in theeye, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 75 shows an example of axial thickness profile of a lens (IterationJ1) across a half-chord diameter, which is one exemplary of design setfor an intra-ocular lens used to restore vision at distances,encompassing from far to near, after removal of the crystalline lens inthe eye, according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 76 show power profiles of eleven different contact lenses across ahalf-chord diameter, these eleven different designs (Iterations K1 toK11). These are some designs of commercial available lenses.

FIG. 77 show power profiles of four different lenses across a half-chorddiameter, these four different designs (Iterations R1 to R4) areexemplary of certain embodiments.

FIG. 78 show the normalised absolute of amplitude spectrum of a FastFourier Transform of eleven different contact lenses (Iterations K1 toK11) as a function of spatial frequency in Cycles/mm. These are theeleven lenses presented in FIG. 76.

FIG. 79 show the normalised absolute of amplitude spectrum of a FastFourier Transform of four different lens designs (Iterations R1 to R4)as a function of spatial frequency in Cycles/mm. These four designs areexemplary of certain embodiments.

FIG. 80 show the absolute first derivative of eleven different contactlenses (Iteration K1 to K11) as a function of half-chord diameter (mm).These are the eleven lenses presented in FIG. 76.

FIG. 81 show the absolute first derivative of four different contactlenses (Iteration R1 to R4) as a function of half-chord diameter (mm).These four designs are exemplary of certain embodiments.

FIG. 82 show the average subjective ratings measured on a visualanalogue scale for distance vision for a sample of an affectedpresbyopic population. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary ofcertain embodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 83 show the average subjective ratings measured on a visualanalogue scale for intermediate vision for a sample of an affectedpresbyopic population. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary ofcertain embodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 84 show the average subjective ratings measured on a visualanalogue scale for near vision for a sample of an affected presbyopicpopulation. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certainembodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses

FIG. 85 show the average subjective ratings measured on a ghostinganalogue scale for distance vision for a sample of an affectedpresbyopic population. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary ofcertain embodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 86 show the average subjective ratings measured on a ghostinganalogue scale for near vision for a sample of an affected presbyopicpopulation. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certainembodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 87 show the average subjective ratings measured on a visualanalogue scale for overall vision for a sample of an affected presbyopicpopulation. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certainembodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 88 show the average subjective ratings measured on a lack ofghosting analogue scale for distance vision for a sample of an affectedpresbyopic population. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary ofcertain embodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 89 show the average subjective ratings measured on a lack ofghosting analogue scale for near vision for a sample of an affectedpresbyopic population. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary ofcertain embodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 90 show the average subjective ratings measured on a ghostinganalogue scale for distance and near vision combined for a sample of anaffected presbyopic population. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplaryof certain embodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 91 show the average subjective ratings measured on a visualanalogue scale for cumulative performance of vision including distance,intermediate, near vision and lack of ghosting at distance and near fora sample of an affected presbyopic population. Four of the lenses H to Kare exemplary of certain embodiments, while lenses A to G are commerciallenses.

FIG. 92 shows the percentage of people whose subjective rating score ona visual analogue scale was greater than 9, for distance vision. Thedata were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population.Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, whilelenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 93 shows the percentage of people whose subjective rating score ona visual analogue scale was greater than 9, for intermediate vision. Thedata were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population.Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, whilelenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 94 shows the percentage of people whose subjective rating score ona visual analogue scale was greater than 9, for near vision. The datawere obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Fourof the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, while lensesA to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 95 shows the percentage of people whose subjective rating score ona visual analogue scale was greater than 9, for, overall vision. Thedata were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population.Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, whilelenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 96 shows the percentage of people whose subjective rating score ona ghosting analogue scale was greater than 3, for distance vision. Thedata were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population.Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, whilelenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 97 shows the percentage of people whose subjective rating score ona ghosting analogue scale was greater than 3, for near vision. The datawere obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopic population. Fourof the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, while lensesA to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 98 shows the percentage of people whose subjective rating score ona visual analogue scale was greater than 9, for cumulative vision. Thecumulative vision rating was obtained by averaging the distance,intermediate, near, overall vision ratings, also including lack ofghosting for distance and near. The data were obtained from a sample ofan affected presbyopic population. Four of the lenses H to K areexemplary of certain embodiments, while lenses A to G are commerciallenses.

FIG. 99 shows the average objective measures of high-contrast visualacuity on a sample of an affected presbyopic population. The measureswere obtained using a test distance of 6 meters and presented in log MARscale. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments,while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 100 shows the average objective measures of contrast sensitivity ona sample of an affected presbyopic population. The measures wereobtained using a test distance of 6 meters and presented in log scale.Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, whilelenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 101 shows the average objective measures of low-contrast visualacuity on a sample of an affected presbyopic population. The measureswere obtained using a test distance of 6 meters and presented in log MARscale. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments,while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 102 shows the average objective measures of intermediate visualacuity on a sample of an affected presbyopic population, using a testdistance of 70 centimeters. The measures are presented in log MAR scale.Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, whilelenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 103 shows the average objective measures of near visual acuity on asample of an affected presbyopic population, using a test distance of 50centimeters. The measures are presented in log MAR scale. Four of thelenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, while lenses A to Gare commercial lenses.

FIG. 104 shows the average objective measures of near visual acuity on asample of an affected presbyopic population, using a test distance of 40centimeters. The measures are presented in log MAR scale. Four of thelenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, while lenses A to Gare commercial lenses.

FIG. 105 shows the average objective measures of combined visual acuityon a sample of an affected presbyopic population. The combined visualacuity includes measures at distance, intermediate and near at 50 cm.The measures are presented in log MAR scale. Four of the lenses H to Kare exemplary of certain embodiments, while lenses A to G are commerciallenses.

FIG. 106 shows the average objective measures of combined visual acuityon a sample of an affected presbyopic population. The combined visualacuity includes measures at distance, intermediate, near at 50 cm andnear at 50 cm. The measures are presented in log MAR scale. Four of thelenses H to K are exemplary of certain embodiments, while lenses A to Gare commercial lenses.

FIG. 107 shows the percentage of people whose subjective rating score ona visual analogue scale was equal to 1, for ghosting at distance ornear. The data were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopicpopulation. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certainembodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

FIG. 108 shows the percentage of people whose subjective, rating scoreon a visual analogue scale was less than 2, for ghosting at distance andnear. The data were obtained from a sample of an affected presbyopicpopulation. Four of the lenses H to K are exemplary of certainembodiments, while lenses A to G are commercial lenses.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference toone or more embodiments, some examples of which are illustrated and/orsupported in the accompanying figures. The examples and embodiments areprovided by way of explanation and are not to be taken as limiting tothe scope of the disclosure.

Furthermore, features illustrated or described as part of one embodimentmay be used by themselves to provide other embodiments and featuresillustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used with oneor more other embodiments to provide a further embodiments. It will beunderstood that the present disclosure will cover these variations andembodiments as well as other variations and/or modifications.

It will be understood that the term “comprise” and any of itsderivatives (e.g., comprises, comprising) as used in this specificationis to be taken to be inclusive of features to which it refers, and isnot meant to exclude the presence of any additional features unlessotherwise stated or implied. The features disclosed in thisspecification (including accompanying claims, abstract, and drawings)may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent orsimilar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise.

The subject headings used in the detailed description are included onlyfor the ease of reference of the reader and should not be used to limitthe subject matter found throughout the disclosure or the claims. Thesubject headings should not be used in construing the scope of theclaims or the claim limitations.

The optical and/or visual performance of the human eye may be limited byone or more optical and/or visual factors. Some of the factors mayinclude monochromatic and polychromatic optical wavefront aberrationsand the retinal sampling which may impose a Nyquist limit on spatialvision. Some other factors may include the Stiles-Crawford effect and/orscattering. These factors or combinations of these factors may be usedto determine retinal image quality (RIQ), according to certainembodiments. For example, retinal image quality (RIQ) may be obtained bymeasuring wavefront aberrations of the eye with or without a correctinglens in place using appropriate adjustments using factors such factorsas Stiles Crawford effect if required. As disclosed herein, various waysof determining RIQ may also be used such as, but not limited to, asimple Strehl ratio, point spread function, modulation transferfunction, compound modulation transfer function, phase transferfunction, optical transfer function, Strehl ratio in spatial domain,Strehl ratio in Fourier domain, or combinations thereof.

Section 1 Retinal Image Quality (RIQ)

With use of a wavefront aberrometer, such as a Hartmann-Shackinstrument, the optical characteristics of a candidate eye with orwithout refractive correction, model eye with or without refractivecorrection can be measured so as to identify a measure of retinal imagequality (RIQ). In some examples, the model eye used may be a physicalmodel that is anatomically, optically equivalent to an average humaneye. In certain examples, the RIQ can be calculated via opticalcalculations like ray-tracing and/or Fourier optics. Several measures ofRIQ are described herein.

(A) Strehl Ratio

Once the wavefront aberration of the candidate eye is availed, the imagequality at the retina of the eye can be determined by computing thesimple Strehl ratio, as described in the Equation 1. In certainapplications, the image quality at the retina of the eye may becharacterised by calculating a simple Strehl ratio as illustrated inEquation 1. The Strehl ratio can be computed in both spatial domain(i.e. using Point spread function) and in Fourier domain (i.e. usingOptical transfer function as shown below in equation 1). The Strehlratio measure is bound between 0 and 1, where 1 is associated with bestachievable image quality.

$\begin{matrix}{{{{Strehl}'}s\mspace{14mu}{ratio}} = \frac{\int{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}\left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right)}}{\begin{matrix}{\int\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}} \\\left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right)\end{matrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

(B) Visual Strehl Ratio

U.S. Pat. No. 7,077,522 B2 describes a vision metric called thesharpness metric. This metric can be computed by convolving a pointspread function with a neural quality function. Further, U.S. Pat. No.7,357,509 describes several other metrics to gauge optical performanceof the human eye. One such RIQ measure is the Visual Strehl Ratio, whichis calculated in the frequency domain. In certain applications, the RIQmeasure is characterised by Visual Strehl Ratio which is calculated inthe frequency domain. The Visual Strehl Ratio in the frequency domain isdescribed by Equation 2 and is bound between 0 and 1, where 1 isassociated with best achievable image quality at the retina. This metricaddresses monochromatic aberrations.

$\begin{matrix}{{{monochromatic}\mspace{14mu}{RIQ}} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}{{{CSF}\left( {f_{x},f_{y}} \right)}*}}} \\{{real}\left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right)}\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}{{{CSF}\left( {f_{x},f_{y}} \right)}*}}} \\\left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right)\end{matrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2}\end{matrix}$

The RIQ measure of monochromatic Visual Strehl Ratio shows highcorrelation with objective and subjective visual acuity. This measuremay be used to describe RIQ in certain disclosed embodiments. However,other measures described herein and alternatives thereto may be used inthe design of optical devices, lenses and/or methods.

(C) Polychromatic RIQ

The Visual Strehl Ratio defined by Williams, discussed above, addressesmonochromatic light. To accommodate for polychromatic light, a metriccalled the polychromatic retinal image quality (polychromatic RIQ) isdefined that includes chromatic aberrations weighed with spectralsensitivities for selected wavelengths. The polychromatic RIQ measure isdefined in Equation 3. In certain applications, the polychromatic RIQmeasure is characterised by Equation 3.

$\begin{matrix}{{{polychromatic}\mspace{14mu}{RIQ}} - \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}{{{CSF}\left( {f_{x},f_{y}} \right)}*}}} \\{\overset{\lambda\;\max}{\sum\limits_{\lambda\;\min}}\;\left( {{S(\lambda)}*\left( {{real}\left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right)} \right)} \right)}\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}{{{CSF}\left( {f_{x},f_{y}} \right)}*}}} \\{\overset{\lambda\;\max}{\sum\limits_{\lambda\;\min}}\;\left( {{S(\lambda)}*\left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right)} \right)}\end{matrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 3}\end{matrix}$

(D) Monochromatic Global RIQ

The Visual Strehl Ratio or monochromatic RIQ discussed herein and insub-section B primarily addresses on-axis vision. As used herein, unlessthe context clearly requires otherwise, ‘on-axis’ is a reference to oneor more of the optical, visual or papillary axis. To accommodate forwide angle view (i.e. peripheral visual field), a metric called theglobal retinal image quality (GRIQ) is defined that includes range ofvisual field eccentricities. A monochromatic GRIQ measure is defined inEquation 4. In certain applications, the monochromatic GRIQ measure ischaracterised by Equation 4.

$\begin{matrix}{{{monchromatic}{\mspace{11mu}\;}{Global}\mspace{14mu}{RIQ}} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int_{\alpha\min}^{\alpha\max}{\int_{\varphi\min}^{\varphi\max}\left\{ {\int{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}{{{CSF}\left( {f_{x},f_{y}} \right)}*}}} \right.}} \\{\left. {{real}\left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right)} \right\}\ {\mathbb{d}\varphi}\ {\mathbb{d}\lambda}}\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int_{\alpha\min}^{\alpha\max}{\int_{\varphi\min}^{\varphi\max}\left\{ {\int{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}{{{CSF}\left( {f_{x},f_{y}} \right)}*}}} \right.}} \\{\left. \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right\}\ {\mathbb{d}\varphi}\ {\mathbb{d}\lambda}}\end{matrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 4}\end{matrix}$

(E) Polychromatic Global RIQ

One other form of RIQ metric that accommodates for polychromatic lightand wide angle view (i.e. peripheral visual field), a metric is calledthe polychromatic global retinal image quality (GRIQ) is defined thatincludes chromatic aberrations weighed with spectral sensitivities forselected wavelengths and range of visual field eccentricities. Apolychromatic GRIQ measure is defined in Equation 5. In certainapplications, the polychromatic GRIQ measure is characterised byEquation 5.

$\begin{matrix}{{{polychromatic}\mspace{14mu}{Global}\mspace{14mu}{RIQ}} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int_{\alpha\min}^{\alpha\max}{\int_{\varphi\min}^{\varphi\max}\left\{ {\int{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}{{{CSF}\left( {f_{x},f_{y}} \right)}*{\overset{\lambda\;\max}{\sum\limits_{\lambda\;\min}}\;\left( {{S(\lambda)}*} \right.}}}} \right.}} \\{\left. \left. \left( {{real}\left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right)} \right) \right) \right\}{\mathbb{d}\varphi}{\mathbb{d}\lambda}}\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int_{\alpha\min}^{\alpha\max}{\int_{\varphi\min}^{\varphi\max}\left\{ {\int{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}{{{CSF}\left( {f_{x},f_{y}} \right)}*{\overset{\lambda\;\max}{\sum\limits_{\lambda\;\min}}\;\left( {{S(\lambda)}*} \right.}}}} \right.}} \\{\left. \left. \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\;\pi\; i}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right) \right\}{\mathbb{d}\varphi}{\mathbb{d}\lambda}}\end{matrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 5}\end{matrix}$

In Equations 1 to 5:

-   -   f specifies the tested spatial frequency, this can be in the        range of F_(min) to F_(max) (denoting the boundary limits on the        spatial frequency content), for example F_(min)=0 cycles/degree;        F_(max)=30 cycles/degree;    -   f_(x) and f_(y) specifies the tested spatial frequency in x and        y directions;    -   CSF (f_(x), f_(y)) denotes a contrast sensitivity function,        which in a symmetric form can be defined as CSF        (F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114*f)*exp^(−(0.1144)*^(f)^1.1);    -   FT denotes, in one form of the equation, a 2D fast Fourier        transform;    -   A(ρ, θ) and W(ρ, θ) denotes pupil diameter & wavefront phase of        the test case, respectively;    -   Wdiff(ρ, θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited        case;    -   ρ and θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the        radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or the        azimuth;    -   λ denotes wavelength;    -   α denotes field angle;    -   φ denotes the meridian angle;    -   S(λ) denotes spectral sensitivity.

The wavefront phase, for example, can be written as a function set ofstandard Zernike polynomials up to a desired order, as described below,

${W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}$

Where,

-   -   α_(i) denotes the i^(th) coefficient of Zernike polynomial    -   Z_(i)(ρ,θ), denotes the i^(th) Zernike polynomial term    -   ‘k’, represents the highest term of the expansion

These polynomials can be represented in the Optical Society of Americaformat or Malacara format or other available Zernike polynomialexpansion formats. Apart from the Zernike method of constructing thewavefront phase, other non-Zernike methods of wavefront phaseconstruction may also be adopted, i.e., Fourier expansion, Taylorexpansion, etc.

(F) Global RIQ Metric Integrated Myopic Impetus Exposure Time

The factors discussed herein with regard to RIQ variants include one ormore of the following: wavefront aberration, chromaticity and spectralsensitivity, Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind, and opticaland/or visual performance in the peripheral retina. Another factor thatmay be included is the amount of time spent at various accommodativestates on an average day (the daily amount of near work), also known asthe myopic impetus exposure time, T (A). This provides the followingGRIQ variant:∫_(Amin) ^(Amax) T(A)*GRIQ(dA)   Equation 6

(G) Other Possible RIQ Measures

As discussed herein, other measures of RIQ may also be used in thedesign of devices, lenses and/or methods. One example of an alternativeRIQ measure is simple modulation transfer function (MTF). Referring toEquation 2, a polychromatic MTF is formed by computing the modulus ofreal part of the optical transfer function and in addition excluding thestep of convolution with the CSF function. A monochromatic MTF is formedif S(λ) is also removed from Equation 2.

Section 2 Through Focus RIQ

RIQ may also be considered anterior and/or posterior to the retina. TheRIQ anterior and/or posterior to the retina is called ‘through focusRIQ’ herein and abbreviated as TFRIQ herein. Similarly, RIQ at and/oraround the retina may also be considered over a range of focal lengths(i.e., when the eye accommodates, which causes changes in refractivecharacteristics of the eye in addition to the focal length to change).Certain embodiments may consider not only RIQ at the retina, but alsothe change in through focus RIQ. This is in contrast to an approach thatmay, for example, consider only the RIQ at the retina and/or an integralor summation of RIQ measures at or around the retina. For example,certain embodiments of the lenses, devices and/or methods disclosedherein effect, or are designed to effect for an eye with particularrefractive characteristics, a change in or control over the extent orrate of change in RIQ in the directions anterior to the retina (i.e.,the direction from the retina towards the cornea) and/or posterior tothe retina. Certain embodiments may also effect, or are designed toeffect, a change in or control over the variation in RIQ with focaldistance. For example several candidate lens designs may be identifiedthrough effecting a change in the RIQ in the direction posterior to theretina and then a single design or subset of designs may be identifiedtaking account of variation in RIQ with change in focal length. Incertain embodiments, the process described above is reversed. Inparticular, a set of designs is selected based on changes in RIQ at theretina with focal distance. Selection within the set is then made withreference to the TFRIQ. In certain embodiments, a single evaluationprocess is conducted that combines consideration of TFRIQ and changes ofRIQ at the retina with the focal distance. For example, an averagemeasure of RIQ with changes in focal distance may be used to identify adesign. The average measure may give more weight to particular focaldistances (e.g. distance vision, intermediate vision and near vision andtherefore may be weighted differently).

In certain embodiments, through focus and/or changes of RIQ at theretina with focal distance are considered for one or more of thefollowing: i) on-axis, ii) integrated around on-axis, for example in anarea corresponding to or approximating a pupil size, with or withoutconsideration of the Stiles-Crawford effect, iii) off-axis (whereoff-axis means a location, set of locations and/or integral of locationson the retina outside the fovea, which may be where light at fieldangles more than about 10 degrees is focussed), and iv) one or morecombinations of i) to iii). In certain applications, the field anglesare about 15 or more, 20 or more, 25 or more or 30 or more degrees.

While the description herein refers to quantitative measures of RIQ,qualitative measures may also be used to assist the design process of anaberration profile in addition to the quantitative measures. Forexample, the Visual Strehl Ratio at a particular through focus locationis computed or determined based on the point spread function. As can beseen from the example images referred to in the following section, thepoint spread function can be visually evaluated. This provides for amethod of qualitatively evaluating through focus.

Section 3 Aberrations Affecting Image Quality at the Retina and TFRIQ

The influence of lower order aberrations on RIQ and TFRIQ is known inthe art. The use of corrective lower order aberrations represents atraditional method of refractive error correction for an eye.Accordingly, the identification of an aberration profile consisting oflower order aberrations to correct for defocus and astigmatism will notbe described herein in detail.

The influence of higher order aberrations (HOA) on image quality isdemonstrated in FIG. 3 from the through-focus two-dimensional pointspread functions (300). In FIG. 3 the rows show the point spreadfunctions for a selection of aberrations and the horizontal axis showsthe extent of defocus for the relevant aberration, in Dioptres.

Exemplary HOA on image quality are illustrated in FIG. 3, according tocertain embodiments. This is illustrated by the through-focustwo-dimensional point spread functions 300 illustrated in FIG. 3. InFIG. 3, the rows show the point spread functions for a selection ofaberrations and the horizontal axis shows the extent of defocus for thecertain relevant aberration, in Dioptres.

The point spread functions without higher order aberrations 302 (in theillustrated example images at the retina in an eye with myopia orhyperopia alone), with vertical coma 306 alone, and with horizontaltrefoil 308 alone, remain symmetrical with positive and negativedefocus. With positive and negative primary spherical aberrations,either alone 304 or in combination 310 with coma and/or trefoil, thethrough-focus in the point spread function is asymmetrical for positiveand negative defocus. With certain HOA positive and negative defocus hasunequal effects on the image quality. It can be seen that these unequaleffects are more pronounced for spherical aberrations. The HOA thatexhibit asymmetrical effects on RIQ, visual acuity and/or contrastsensitivity have application certain of the lenses, devices and/ormethods disclosed herein.

The interactions occurring between HOA and defocus influence the TFRIQ.Some HOA interact favourably with defocus to improve RIQ, while othersinteract unfavourably to cause RIQ degradation. The most commonlymeasured higher order ocular aberrations include spherical aberration,coma and trefoil. Apart from these, the HOA profiles obtained with somemultifocal optical designs precipitate considerable magnitudes ofwavefront aberrations, often expressed up to the 10th order in Zernikepolynomial representation.

In general terms, in the Zernike pyramid, the terms closer to the centreare often more influential, or useful, when gauged in terms of theresultant optical effects than those at the edge/corner. This may bebecause the terms farther away from the centre have a relatively largeplanar area on the wavefront compared to those whose angular frequencyis closer to zero. In certain applications, Zernike terms that have thehighest potential, or substantially greater potential, to interact withdefocus are, for example, the terms with even radial order having zeroangular frequency component, i.e., the fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenthorder Zernike coefficients, representing primary, secondary, tertiaryand quaternary, spherical aberrations. Other Zernike coefficientsrepresenting other order of spherical aberration may also be used.

The foregoing description of aberrations identifies some of theaberrations that affect retinal RIQ and through focus RIQ. Thedescription is not, nor is it intended to be, an exhaustive descriptionof the various aberrations that affect retinal RIQ and through focusRIQ. In various embodiments, additional aberrations that affect theretinal RIQ and/or through focus RIQ may be considered, the relevantaberrations being identified having regard to the current refractivestate of the ocular system (meaning the eye together with lenses oroptical devices that affect the wavefront received by the retina) and atarget retinal RIQ/through focus RIQ.

Section 4 Optimising RIQ

When designing and/or selecting a required change in refractive state ofan eye, a measure of RIQ and through focus RIQ is typically performedfor certain disclosed embodiments. In particular, finding a magnitudeand sign of defocus that interacts with one or more of the relevantaberrations and produce an acceptable RIQ and through focus RIQ istypically performed. The search is performed for the best or at least anacceptable combination of RIQ and through focus RIQ. In certainembodiments, the selected combination is determined by evaluating theRIQ and the through focus RIQ and selecting the combination that issuitable, substantially optimised, or optimised for the application. Incertain embodiments described herein, a merit function S=1/RIQ is usedfor this purpose. In certain embodiments, the approximation of a meritfunction S=1/RIQ may be used for this purpose.

Identifying aberration coefficients that optimise, or substantiallyoptimise, RIQ at the retina may be achieved, in certain embodiments; byfinding a minimum, or substantially minimum, value of the function S.Considering the RIQ optimisation routine over a range of dioptricdistances (through-focus) adds complexity to the optimisation process.Various methods can be used to address this complexity.

One example is to use a non-linear, unconstrained optimization routine,over the chosen group of Zernike SA coefficients as variables, accordingto certain embodiments. A random element, either automatic and/orthrough human intervention may be incorporated to shift to differentlocations so as to find alternative local minima of the function S. Thecriteria by which the optimisation routine evaluates performance may bea combination of retinal RIQ and keeping the through focus RIQ withinpredefined bounds of the retinal RIQ. The bounds may be defined invarious ways, for example as a range about the value for retinal RIQ.The range may be fixed (e.g. plus or minus 0.15 for Visual Strehl ratioor similar measure), or may vary (e.g. be within a defined rate ofchange with increasing distance from the retina). In certainembodiments, the range may be fixed to one or more of the followingranges: plus or minus 0.05, or plus or minus 0.1 or plus or minus 0.15.These ranges may be used with one or more of the following: a simpleStrehl ratio, point spread function, modulation transfer function, phasetransfer function, optical transfer function, Strehl ratio in Fourierdomain, or combinations thereof.

As explained in more detail herein, the goal function for TFRIQ maychange depending on whether the objective of the merit function is toprovide a TFRIQ with a slope that provides stimulus either to inhibit orto encourage eye growth of the candidate eye, under an optical feedbackexplanation of emmetropisation, at least in certain embodiments. Incertain other applications, for example correction to amelioratepresbyopia, the objective of the merit function is to provide a TFRIQwith an acceptable low slope in magnitude or a slope that substantiallyequal to zero. In certain other presbyopic embodiments, a slope withacceptably low in magnitude for TFRIQ may be considered from one or moreof the following: a) slope of TFRIQ about zero, b) slope of TFRIQ equalto zero, c) slope of TFRIQ greater than zero and less than 0.25 perdioptre, d) slope of TFRIQ greater than −0.25 and less than zero perdioptre, e) slope of TFRIQ greater than zero and less than 0.5 perdioptre or f) slope of TFRIQ greater than −0.5 and less than zero perdioptre.

Another approach is to limit the number of possible combinations ofaberration profiles. One way of limiting the possible aberration valuesis to specify that the Zernike coefficients can only have valuescorresponding to increments of 0.05 μm focus, or another incrementinterval. In certain embodiments, the Zernike coefficients may havevalues corresponding to increments of about 0.01 μm, about 0.02 μm,about 0.03 μm, about 0.04 μm or about 0.05 μm. In certain embodiments,the Zernike coefficients may have values corresponding to increments of0.01 μm, 0.02 μm, 0.03 μm, 0.04 μm or 0.05 μm. In certain embodiments,the Zernike coefficients may have values corresponding to fromincrements selected within one or more following ranges: 0.005 μm to0.01 μm, 0.01 μm to 0.02 μm, 0.02 μm to 0.03 μm, 0.03 μm to 0.04 μm,0.04 μm to 0.05 μm, or 0.005 μm to 0.05 μm. The interval can be selectedhaving regard to the available computational resources. By limiting thenumber of allowable coefficient values it is possible to simulate theperformance of a substantial portion of the aberration profiles formedby the combinations of Zernike coefficients, following which those withthe best or acceptable on-axis RIQ and through focus RIQ can beidentified. The results of this process may be used to constrain morefine-tuned analysis, for example by returning to an optimisation routinewith coefficient values within a small range around an identifiedcandidate combination of higher order aberrations.

Section 5 Controlling Stimulus for Emmetropisation by Optical Feedback

A person may be identified as being at risk of developing myopia basedon, for example, one or more of the following indicators, includingwhether their parents experienced myopia and/or myopia, their ethnicity,lifestyle factors, environmental factors, amount of near work, etc.Other indications or combinations of indicators may also be used,according to certain embodiments. For example, a person may beidentified as being at risk of developing myopia if their eye and/oreyes have a RIQ at the retina that improves in the direction of eyegrowth. The RIQ can be obtained either with or without refractivecorrection that is currently in use (for example: with or without acurrent prescription of spectacle or contact lens). In certainembodiments, the use of improving RIQ in the direction of eye growth maybe used alone or in conjunction with one or more other indicators, forexample the other indicators listed herein.

From one perspective, the emmetropisation process can be explained underan optical feedback mechanism that is based on RIQ at the retina and/orthe slope of TFRIQ in the anterior-posterior direction to the retina.According to this perspective on emmetropisation, the candidate eye isstimulated to grow to the position where the merit function S of theoptimisation routine is minimised or substantially minimised. Under thisexplanation of emmetropisation process, at least for human eyes, if thelocation of a local, or the global minimum of the merit function S, thenthe eye may be stimulated to grow longer, in certain embodiments. In yetanother application, the substantial minimum of the merit functionoptimisation routine may be a local minimum or global minimum. In otherapplications, if the location of a local or the global minimum of themerit function S is posterior to the retina or if through focus RIQimproves posterior to the retina, then the eye may be stimulated to growlonger. For example, if the location of a local or the global minimum ofthe merit function S is located on the retina or anterior to the retina,then the eye may remain at the same length.

The following description herein describes how combinations of selectedHOA can affect a change in through focus RIQ. These aberrations canreadily be incorporated into a lens, optical device and/or used in amethod of changing the aberration profile of the wavefront of theincoming light received by the retina.

In certain embodiments, characterizations of these aberrations canreadily be incorporated into a lens, optical device and/or used in amethod of changing the aberration profile of the wavefront of theincoming light received by the retina. This provides a mechanism bywhich certain embodiments may change the refractive state of a candidateeye. In certain embodiments, the lens, optical device and/or method willat least include the aberration characteristics of the embodiments toalter the refractive state of a candidate eye.

As described in more detail herein, achieving a target TFRIQ isconsidered together with achieving or obtaining substantially closer toa target on-axis RIQ at the retina for a particular focal length, whichis typically distance vision, in certain embodiments, In certainapplications, one or more of the following are referred as distancevision is objects greater than 6 meters. In other applications, a targetTFRIQ may be considered for another focal length alternative to distancevision, for example intermediate vision or near vision. In someapplications, intermediate vision may be defined as the range from about0.5 to 6 meters. In some applications, near vision may be defined as therange from 0.3 to 0.5 meters.

For the examples described herein the RIQ was evaluated, orcharacterised by, using the Visual Strehl Ratio shown in Equation 2.

(A) Primary Spherical Aberration, Coma and Trefoil

The interactions between primary spherical aberration, coma and trefoiland their affect on eye growth can be described, or characterised by,using a wavefront phase function defined using defocus, primaryspherical aberration (PSA), coma and trefoil terms of a standard Zernikeexpansion. Other ways are also possible.

The pupil size was fixed at 4 mm and the calculations were performed at589 nm wavelength. For the purposes of evaluating affects of aberrationprofiles on ocular growth, it was assumed that a location of a minimumof the above described function S posterior to the retina provides astimulus to grow to that location and that there will not be stimulusfor eye growth if the minimum of the function S is on or in front of theretina. In other words, it is assumed that the image formed on theretina provides a stimulus to grow to minimise the function S. The rangeof values of PSA, horizontal and vertical coma, and horizontal andvertical trefoil that were used in the simulations are:

PSA=(−0.30, −0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) μm

Horizontal Coma=(−0.30, −0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) μm

Vertical Coma=(−0.30, −0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) μm

Horizontal Trefoil=(−0.30, −0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) μm and

Vertical Trefoil=(−0.30, −0.15, 0.00, 0.15, 0.30) μm.

With a total of 3125 combinations tested, overall it was observed thatspherical aberration primarily governed the direction of improving RIQ.

FIGS. 4 to 7 illustrate the stimulus for eye growth resulting from TFRIQfor a selection of the combinations, in particular the combined effectsof PSA together with horizontal and vertical coma, and together withhorizontal and vertical trefoil, in accordance with certain embodiments.FIGS. 4 to 7 are on a continuous scale and white (0) indicates noprogression and gray-to-black transition indicates the amount ofprogression in Dioptres.

FIG. 4 shows a graph 400 of the interaction of primary sphericalaberration and horizontal coma. The gray plot indicates the amount ofprogression of myopia that is stimulated by the combination of these twoaberrations, where white 402 indicates no stimulus for progression andshades towards black 404 indicate stimulus for progression of myopia (inthis case up to −0.8 D) as a result of PSA combined with horizontalcoma. FIG. 5 shows a graph 500 of myopia progression as a function ofthe interaction of primary spherical aberration and vertical coma. Likein FIG. 4, white areas 502 indicate, no stimulus for progression anddark areas 504 indicate stimulus for progression. FIG. 6 shows a graph600 of the interaction of primary spherical aberration and horizontaltrefoil. FIG. 7 shows a graph 700 of myopia progression as a function ofthe interaction of primary spherical aberration and vertical trefoil.For the combinations shown in FIGS. 4 to 7, about 52% of thecombinations provide stimulus to encourage eye growth.

Stimulus for eye growth may accordingly be removed by controlling therefractive state of an eye to be within one or more of the white areasin FIGS. 4 to 7. This may be achieved, for example, by designing a lensor optical device that when applied modifies the refractivecharacteristics of the eye, to result in the retina of the eyeexperiencing a through focus RIQ that does not substantially improve, ordoes not improve, in the direction of eye growth (posterior to theretina) or which decreases in the direction of eye growth.

Although trefoil and coma in the range of −0.30 to 0.30 μm over a 4 mmpupil do not appear to have a significant impact on the direction ofgrowth (the maximum progression effect is only −0.1D), positive PSAseems to accelerate growth while negative PSA seems to inhibit growth.The PSA therefore appears to have the dominant effect. Accordingly, atleast for an eye with positive PSA and optionally one of coma andtrefoil, adding negative PSA may inhibit eye growth under the opticalfeedback explanation of emmetropisation. It follows that providingnegative PSA to an eye, or at least removing positive PSA may remove thestimulus for eye growth. The coma and trefoil in the eye may be leftunchanged or optionally partially or fully corrected (preferably withinthe range of −0.30 to 0.30 μm).

(B) Spherical Aberration and Astigmatism

To illustrate the interactions between primary spherical aberration andastigmatism, a wavefront phase function was defined using theseaberrations (including both horizontal/vertical and oblique components)and defocus. FIGS. 8 to 13 (unlike FIGS. 4 to 7) are on a binaryscale—where white (1) indicates test cases that cause stimulus forprogression (i.e. increase in ocular growth) and black (0) indicatescandidate combinations that result in no progression or very littleprogression (i.e., no ocular growth stimulus or a stop signal). Thescale has no units. FIGS. 8 to 13 illustrate certain disclosedembodiments.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary that shows a graph 800 indicating the magnitudeof myopia progression for PSA vs. a primary oblique astigmatic component(POA) vs. a primary horizontal/vertical astigmatic (PHV) component. Inthis example, the graph 800 indicates those combinations of PSA andastigmatism that may result in stimulus for myopia progression (white)and those combinations that will not result in stimulus for myopiaprogression (black). Neither POA nor PHV appear to have a significantimpact on the effects of PSA.

FIG. 9 is an exemplary shows a graph 900 indicating the magnitude ofmyopia progression for PSA vs. a secondary oblique astigmatic (SOA)component vs. a secondary horizontal/vertical astigmatic (SHV)component, according to certain embodiments. In this example, neitherSOA nor SHV appear to have a significant impact on the effects of PSA.

A stimulus for eye growth may accordingly be removed by controlling therefractive state of an eye to be within one or more of the white areasin FIGS. 8 and 9.

From FIGS. 8 and 9, is an exemplary, the primary and secondaryastigmatic components seem to have, or have, a small influence onenhancing or inhibiting eye growth, when combined with PSA. Accordingly,considering these aberrations, this indicates priority may be providedto PSA. In addition, it may be determined whether the eye has highlevels of POA, PHV, SOA and/or SHV. If this is the case, in thisexample, then correcting these aberrations (by reducing or substantiallyeliminating them) may also assist in removing stimulus for eye growth.

(C) Higher Order Spherical Aberrations

For unaided or single-vision spectacle corrected eyes a fourth orderZernike expansion may be used to describe, or characterise, thewavefront at the exit pupil. However, this may not not necessarily thecase when, for example, contact lenses are used for correction,especially with multifocal contact lenses (both aspheric andconcentric), substantial amounts of fifth order and higher HOA may beused. Multifocal contact lenses may, for example, be described using upto about the tenth or twentieth order of Zernike polynomials. In suchcases the magnitudes and signs of the higher order spherical aberrationsstart to play a significant role (in addition to PSA).

To illustrate the interactions between primary, secondary, tertiaryand/or quaternary spherical aberrations of a standard Zernike expansion,a wavefront phase was defined using these terms and defocus. Severalcombinations of HOA as predicted from modelled data with such multifocalcontact lenses were used. Selective sets of these HOA that demonstrateinteractions to produce peak RIQ were obtained via dedicated non-linearoptimization routines. The calculations were performed over a 4 mmpupil, and at 589 nm wavelength. It was observed that at least the firstthree modes of spherical aberration of the inherent eye played a role ingoverning the direction of stimulus for eye growth and in some caseshigher modes of spherical aberration also played a role. In certainapplications, these roles were significant.

The results described below relate to secondary spherical aberration(SSA), tertiary spherical aberration (TSA) and quaternary sphericalaberration (QSA), but spherical aberrations with higher orders may alsobe used in embodiments of the lenses, devices and/or methods describedherein.

For four types of spherical aberrations, a range from −0.30 to 0.30 μmwas used to investigate the effects of the combinations of HOA. Theseranges for these types of aberrations do not necessarily accord withnormative distributions of aberrations associated with eyes because theoccurrence of these higher order aberrations are not necessarilyassociated with the eyes but with the optical devices (such asmultifocal contact lenses) alone or in combination with the eyes.Furthermore, the range from −0.30 to 0.30 μm is merely used toillustrate the effects, but when determining combinations of HOA toprovide an aberration profile in a lens or optical device, or to beeffected by surgical procedures, larger or smaller ranges may be used.

FIGS. 10 to 12 are exemplary that show the stimulus for myopiaprogression as a function of PSA together with SSA, TSA and QSArespectively, according to certain embodiments. In this example, thisschema is a binary colour plot, where white (0) indicates wavefrontaberration combinations that provide stimulus for myopia progressionunder the feedback mechanism described herein and black (1) indicatescombinations that discourage myopia progression. From these graphs it isapparent that the higher orders of spherical aberrations have an impacton the stimulus for progression of myopia. In this example, about 82% ofthe combinations investigated suggest stimulus for eye growth.Interactions of the spherical aberration terms depend on theirindividual signs and then their individual magnitudes.

FIG. 10 is an exemplary that shows a graph 1000 indicating the presenceof stimulus for myopia progression as a function of combinations of PSAand SSA, according to certain embodiments. In FIG. 10, it can be seenthat when PSA in the range −0.30 μM to 0.20 μm is combined with negativeSSA ranging from 0.00 to −0.30 μm, there is little or no improvement ofRIQ in the direction of eye growth, thus no myopia progression ispredicted (i.e. in the area indicated 1004). However, when PSA rangingfrom 0.20 to 0.30 μm is considered with negative. SSA of about −0.10 μm,it seems to aggravate the progression, as indicated in the area 1002.Overall, the sign of SSA seems to have a governing effect on the effectof the wavefront aberrations and the resultant retinal image quality. Inthis example, negative SSA of considerable magnitudes (i.e. greater than−0.20 μm) predicts a protective effect against myopia progression whencombined with either positive or negative PSA, when PSA and SSA are theonly two HOA involved in the wavefront aberration of the candidate eye.

FIG. 11 is an exemplary that shows a graph 1100 indicating the presenceof stimulus for myopia progression as a function of combinations of PSAand TSA, according to certain embodiments. When PSA and TSA have thesame sign and TSA is about ⅘th of PSA in magnitude, as indicated byrectangular box 1106, no or little myopia progression is predicted(black area). However, in this example, with other combinations of PSAand TSA, for example as indicated in areas 1102 and 1104, myopiaprogression can be expected.

FIG. 12 is an exemplary that shows a graph 1200 indicating the presenceof stimulus for myopia progression as a function of combinations of PSAand QSA, according to certain embodiments. In this example, when PSA andQSA have opposite signs and QSA is about ⅘th of PSA in magnitude, asindicated by the predominantly black area 1204, no myopia progression ispredicted. However, with other combinations of PSA and QSA, (for exampleas indicated in white areas 1202 and 1206) myopia progression can beexpected.

FIG. 13 is an exemplary that is a graph (1300) showing the presence ofstimulus for progression of myopia as a function of PSA, SSA and TSA,according to certain embodiments. This schema is a binary colour plot,where 1 (white) indicates wavefront aberration combinations that favourmyopia progression; while 0 (black) indicates combinations thatdiscourage myopia progression (i.e. do not provide stimulus for eyegrowth).

The majority of the black filled circles 1304 are in the region governedby negative SSA, with a few exceptions. Further, combinations in whichPSA and TSA have the same sign coupled with negative SSA seem to providea protective effect against myopia progression. The combinations of PSA,SSA, TSA and QSA that have a protective effect against myopiaprogression under the optical feedback explanation of emmetropisation(which include the black areas shown in FIG. 13) can be summarised asshown in the Table 1.

TABLE 1 Combination sets of higher order aberrations which discouragethe eye growth (i.e. potential treatment for myopia), according tocertain embodiments. Specific higher order aberration in addition to SNodefocus Magnitude and sign of the higher order aberration 1 PSA only−0.30 μm <= PSA < 0.125 μm 2 SSA only −0.30 μm <= SSA <= 0.075 μm 3 TSAonly −0.30 μm <= TSA <= 0.075 μm 4 QSA only −0.10 μm <= QSA <= 0.075 μm5 PSA & SSA −0.30 μm <= PSA <= 0.20 μm and −0.25 μm <= SSA <= 0.025 μm 6PSA & TSA −0.30 μm <= PSA <= 0.30 μm and TSA = (PSA/2) μm +/− 0.075 μm 7PSA & QSA −0.30 μm <= PSA <= 0.30 μm and QSA = (|PSA|/3) μm +/− 0.075 μm8 PSA, SSA, TSA −0.30 μm <= PSA < −0.05 μm & 0.05 μm < PSA < 0.30 μm;−0.30 μm <= SSA < 0.05 μm; −0.20 μm <= TSA < −0.025 μm & 0.025 μm < TSA< 0.20 μm; 9 PSA, SSA, TSA and QSA −0.30 μm <= PSA < −0.05 μm & 0.05 μm< PSA < 0.30 μm; −0.30 μm <= SSA < 0.05 μm; −0.20 μm <= TSA < −0.025 μm& 0.025 μm < TSA < 0.20 μm; −0.20 μm <= QSA < −0.025 μm & 0.025 μm < QSA< 0.20 μm;

The majority of the white circles 1302 are in the region governed bypositive SSA, with a few exceptions. Further, combinations in which thePSA and TSA have the same, sign coupled with positive SSA may provide atreatment effect for hyperopia. The combinations of PSA, SSA, TSA andQSA that have a treatment effect against hyperopia under the opticalfeedback explanation of emmetropisation (including the white areas shownin FIG. 13) can be summarised as shown in the Table 2.

TABLE 2 Combination sets of higher order aberrations which encourage eyegrowth (i.e. potential treatment for hyperopia), according to certainembodiments. Higher order aberration in SNo addition to defocusMagnitude and sign of the higher order aberration 1 PSA only 0.30 μm =>PSA >= 0.125 μm 2 SSA only 0.30 μm => SSA > 0.075 μm 3 TSA only 0.30 μm=> TSA > 0.075 μm 4 QSA only −0.30 μm <= QSA <= −0.125 μm or 0.30 μm =>QSA > 0.075 μm 5 PSA & SSA −0.30 μm <= PSA <= 0.30 μm and 0.30 μm >=SSA > 0.075 μm 6 PSA & TSA −0.30 μm <= PSA <= 0.30 μm and (PSA/2) μm +0.075 μm <= TSA < 0.30 μm or −0.30 μm <= TSA < (PSA/2) μm − 0.075 μm 7PSA & QSA −0.30 μm <= PSA <= 0.30 μm and QSA in the range −0.20 to 0.20μm but excluding values where QSA = (|PSA|/3) μm +/− 0.075 μm 8 PSA,SSA, TSA −0.30 μm <= PSA < −0.05 μm & 0.05 μm < PSA < 0.30 μm; 0.075 μm<= SSA < 0.30 μm; −0.20 μm <= TSA < −0.025 μm & 0.025 μm < TSA < 0.20μm; 9 PSA, SSA, TSA and QSA −0.30 μm <= PSA < −0.05 μm & 0.05 μm < PSA <0.30 μm; 0.075 μm <= SSA < 0.30 μm; −0.20 μm <= TSA < −0.025 μm & 0.025μm < TSA < 0.20 μm; −0.20 μm <= QSA < −0.025 μm & 0.025 μm < QSA < 0.20μm;

Accordingly, when designing a lens, optical device or method of alteringthe eye, the aberrations may be selected to provide a combination of theaforementioned aberrations that provide for either a protective effectagainst eye growth for example for myopia, or which encourage eye growthfor example for hyperopia. The combination of aberrations may be appliedin combination with the required correction of any myopic defocus orhyperopic defocus.

From the foregoing description, it is apparent that the sphericalaberration terms, including the primary, secondary, tertiary andquaternary SA terms influence RIQ and through focus RIQ. In addition, ithas been found that much higher orders of spherical aberration may alsoinfluence RIQ and through focus RIQ. In various embodiments differentcombinations of spherical aberration are used, including embodimentsusing combinations of two or more spherical aberration terms thatprovide a required or acceptable through focus. RIQ profile, togetherwith a required or acceptable RIQ at a particular focal length (e.g.distance vision). In certain embodiments, characterizations of one ormore of the spherical aberrations may also be used.

Section 6 The Instantaneous Gradient of the Image Quality

The foregoing description of stimulus for eye growth can be explainedunder an optical feedback mechanism that is based on the location of apeak on-axis RIQ. In certain examples, another alternative approachconsidered to describe the stimulus for eye growth is via the slope ofTFRIQ at the retina. In some embodiments, lenses, methods and/or devicesutilise the gradient or slope of the RIQ to control myopia progression,with or without astigmatism. In other embodiments, lenses, methodsand/or devices utilise the gradient or slope of the RIQ to treathyperopia, with or without astigmatism. The gradient or slope of RIQ maybe considered for one or more of the following variants of RIQ: a)monochromatic RIQ with or without considering effect of accommodation,b) polychromatic RIQ with or without considering effect ofaccommodation, c) global RIQ, d) RIQ considered with myopic impetus timesignal, e) global RIQ with myopic impetus time signal, each of which isdescribed herein.

In certain embodiments, the lenses, devices and/or methods disclosedherein may be applied to provide stimulus under this optical feedbackmechanism explanation of emmetropisation. Embodiments for addressing eyegrowth under the optical feedback explanation of emmetropisation (e.g.to address myopia progression or to seek to stimulate eye growth tocorrect hyperopia) may use aberrations to affect one, two or more of thelocation of the minima, or substantial minima, of the function Srelative to the retina and the gradient of the function S through theretina.

In the following description it is assumed that a positive measure ofthe gradient of the TFRIQ (increasing RIQ posterior to the retina)provides a stimulus for the development and progression of myopia, whilea negative measure of the same retards or halts myopia progression. FIG.14 is an exemplary that shows a plot of RIQ for two different cases,1402 and 1404, as a function of through focus in the direction posteriorto the retina, according to certain embodiments. The cases are twodifferent combinations of PSA, SSA and TSA that produce identical, orsubstantially identical, retinal RIQ. As can be seen from the figure,although both sets of selected aberrations produce similar image qualityat the retina (defocus=0), with the introduction of defocus (in thedirection of eye growth) the retinal image quality of test case 1402ramps up indicating stimulus for eye growth, while test case 1404indicates that there would be no stimulus for growth, as the retinalimage quality degrades further in the direction of eye growth.

From the results described herein that indicate the effects of HOA onimage quality and the resulting progression of myopia, it is possible todetermine the relevant HOA combinations that may be used in lenses,optical devices, and/or effected using optical surgery, which, whererelevant in combination with the eye's aberrations, may result in theHOA combinations that inhibit or retard eye growth for the treatment ofmyopia progression. In order to slow down eye growth in myopia,compensating optical devices and/or surgical procedures may be usedthat, in combination with the optics of the eye, may result in acombination of HOA that results in a negative gradient of TFRIQ, asshown, in example 1404 (FIG. 14). For treating hyperopia in certainapplications, compensating optical devices and/or surgical proceduresmay be used that, in combination with the optics of the eye, may resultin a combination of HOA that results in a positive gradient of TFRIQ, asshown in example 1402 (FIG. 14).

If an aberration profile has a varying RIQ across a through focus range,then the slope of through focus RIQ at a particular focal length may bechanged by selecting a suitable defocus term C(2,0) with the consideredRIQ profile. For example, if the slope is positive at a first level ofthrough focus and negative at a second level of through focus, the slopeat the retina of a recipient eye may be selected by selectivelyintroducing defocus at either the first or second level. Examples ofaberration profiles that have varying RIQ slopes at different levels ofdefocus are provided herein in relation to embodiments of aberrationprofiles for application to presbyopia. Many of the embodimentsdescribed for presbyopia may be applied to provide a stimulus to retardand/or encourage eye growth under the optical feedback explanation ofemmetropisation described herein. Typically, younger people haveprogressing myopia and as such they may not be experiencing presbyopia.Accordingly, the aberration profile selected may place less weight onachieving high RIQ over a large through focus range and more weight onachieving the highest RIQ at the retina for distance vision incombination with providing a negative slope RIQ profile through theretina (i.e. decreasing RIQ in the direction of eye growth). For theyoung hypermetropes, again, the selected aberration profile may placeless weight on achieving high RIQ over a large through focus range andmore weight on achieving the highest RIQ at the retina for distance incombination with provision of a positive slope of RIQ profile behind theretina (in the direction of eye growth).

In certain embodiments, a lens, device and/or method may incorporate anaberration profile that provides, i) an acceptable on-axis RIQ; and ii)a through-focus RIQ with a slope that degrades in the direction of eyegrowth; to an eye with progressing myopia or an eye that is identifiedas at risk of developing myopia. In certain embodiments, the measure ofacceptable on-axis RIQ can be considered from one or more of thefollowing: on-axis RIQ of 0.3, on-axis RIQ of 0.35, on-axis RIQ of 0.4,on-axis RIQ of 0.45, on-axis RIQ of 0.5, on-axis RIQ of 0.55, on-axisRIQ of 0.6, on-axis RIQ of 0.65, or on-axis RIQ of 0.7. In certainembodiments, the candidate myopia eye may be considered with or withoutastigmatism.

In certain embodiments, a lens, device and/or method may incorporate anaberration profile that provides, i) an acceptable on-axis RIQ; and ii)a through-focus RIQ with a slope that improves in the direction of eyegrowth; to an eye with hyperopia. In certain embodiments, the measure ofacceptable on-axis RIQ can be considered from one or more of thefollowing: on-axis RIQ of 0.3, on-axis RIQ of 0.35, on-axis RIQ of 0.4,on-axis RIQ of 0.45, on-axis RIQ of 0.5, on-axis RIQ of 0.55, on-axisRIQ of 0.6, on-axis RIQ of 0.65, or on-axis RIQ of 0.7. In certainembodiments, the candidate hyperopic eye may be considered with orwithout astigmatism. In certain embodiments, the gradient or slope ofRIQ may be considered for one or more of the following variants of RIQ:a) monochromatic RIQ with or without considering effect ofaccommodation, b) polychromatic RIQ with or without considering effectof accommodation, c) global RIQ, d) RIQ considered with myopic impetustime signal, e) global RIQ with myopic impetus time signal, each ofwhich is described herein.

Section 7 Aberration Design or Selection Process

In some embodiments, determining the aberration profile required in alens, optical device and/or resulting from a procedure includes firstidentifying the HOA present in the eye. In some embodiments, determiningthe characterization of the aberration profile required in a lens,optical device and/or resulting from a procedure includes firstidentifying the HOA present in the eye. Measurements may be taken, forexample, using wavefront eye exams that use aberrometry such as with aShack-Hartmann aberrometer. The eye's existing HOA may then be takeninto account. In addition, one or more HOA effects inherent in thelenses or optical devices may also be taken into account.

When the requirement is for a lens that provides stimulus for eye growthor to retard eye growth, these existing HOA are then compared to HOAcombinations that inhibit or retard myopia progression (for example asdiscussed above with reference to FIGS. 5 to 14) to determine one ormore additional HOA that may be required to reduce or retard orencourage eye growth under the optical feedback mechanism ofemmetropisation. These additional combinations are then implemented inthe design of lenses or optical devices or implemented using opticalsurgery. Flowcharts in FIGS. 15 and 16 provide a summary of suitablemethods, according to certain embodiments.

Alternatively, in certain applications, the eye's existing aberrationsmay be disregarded and an aberration profile that provides the requiredthrough focus RIQ slope may be provided for the eye by a lens, Incertain applications a removable lens so that different aberrationprofiles may be trialled if required. The aberration profile resultingfrom the combination of the aberration profile of the lens and the eyemay then be measured to determine if the RIQ characteristics areacceptable (for example, provide a particular through focus RIQ slopeand acceptable RIQ for distance vision). Alternatively, different lensesmay be placed on the eye with measures of objective and/or subjectivevision determining which lens to select. Where the lens is selected toprovide stimulus inhibiting or encouraging eye growth without regard tothe eye's existing aberrations, the selected aberration profile may beone with generally higher values of spherical aberration, so that thesign of the slope is not changed by lower level of HOA in the eye. Incertain applications, the goal of the optimisation routine of the meritfunction in search of combination of HOA may be different. For example,when considering presbyopia the goal may be a combination of aberrationsthat provide high RIQ over a large through focus range. Where peripheralvision is useful, then the objective may include high RIQ over a largerange of field angles. Accordingly, in various embodiments the HOAs areutilised to optimise for the goals of a combination of high RIQ at theretina and one or more of a low slope through focus RIQ, a low change inRIQ with pupil diameter and a high RIQ in the peripheral field.

In certain applications, an acceptable high RIQ is considered to be anRIQ above 0.7, above 0.65, above 0.6, above 0.55, above 0.5, above 0.45,above 0.4, above 0.35, or above 0.3. In certain applications, anacceptable low change in RIQ with pupil diameter may be considered thechange in one or more of the following ranges: RIQ change between 0 and0.05, between 0.05 and 0.1, or between 0.1 and 0.15. In certain otherapplications, an acceptable low slope of through focus RIQ may beconsidered from one or more of the following: slope of less than zero,slope of equal to zero, slope of greater than zero, slope of about zero,slope ranging from −0.5 to zero, slope ranging from 0 to 0.5, sloperanging −1 to zero, slope ranging 0 to 1, slope ranging −1 to −0.5, orslope ranging 0.5 to 1. The high RIQ, low change in RIQ and low slope ofTF RIQ provided may be combined in or more combinations. For example,the combination of a high RIQ of 0.40 or above, a low change in RIQ withpupil diameter between 0 and 0.05 and low slope of TFRIQ of about zeromay be applied to certain embodiments.

In other applications, the combination of a high RIQ of 0.3 or above, alow change in RIQ with pupil diameter between 0 and 0.075 and the lowslope of TFRIQ ranging from −0.25 to 0.25 or −0.5 to 0.5 may be applied.

The examples that follow have been selected using the RIQ measure inEquation 2. The initial set of designs for analysis was found bycomputing this RIQ for all, or for a substantially number of,combinations of SA Zernike coefficients up to the 10th order. Thecoefficients used were constrained to the range −0.3 μm to 0.3 μm andconstrained to be a value that is a multiple of 0.025 μm. In certainembodiments, the RIQ used may be based on an approximation orcharacterization of Equation 2.

An analysis of the initial set of designs included: 1) identifyingoptimised combinations of Zernike coefficients that provide a high RIQand a negative slope through focus RIQ about the retina; 2)consideration of the RIQ and through focus RIQ and change in RIQ andthrough focus RIQ at different pupil sizes; and 3) consideration of theRIQ across the horizontal visual field. The relative weight given tothese stages of evaluation may vary for the particular recipient. Forthe purposes of identifying the following examples, most weight wasgiven to the first criteria.

Section 8 Examples of Optical Designs Addressing the Slope of ThroughFocus RIQ

Examples of designs for affecting stimulus for eye growth under anoptical feedback mechanism are provided herein. The examples below arerotationally symmetric. However, astigmatic designs and othernon-rotationally symmetric designs may be produced. When a deliberatedecentration of the symmetric designs is imposed so that the opticalaxes of the correcting contact lens coincides with a reference axis ofthe eye say pupillary axis or visual axis, some residual amounts ofasymmetric aberrations like coma and trefoil can be induced, these maybe compensated by the choice of additional higher order asymmetricterms. FIGS. 17 to 25 are exemplary that show the power profile graphsof sample designs that provide a RIQ that degrades in the direction ofeye growth for on-axis vision (i.e. at zero field angle), thus providinga stimulus to inhibit eye growth under the optical feedback mechanismexplanation of the emmetropisation process, according to certainembodiments. The aberration profile graphs are described as the axialpower variation in Dioptres across the optic zone diameter. The examplesprovided may have application to a progressing myope whose sphericalrefractive error is −2D and this information is indicated by a dual grayline on the power profiles.

FIG. 26 is an exemplary that shows the details of a sample design thatmay be used for hyperopia treatment, according to certain embodiments.This designs was produced by taking a specific aberration profile as aninput parameter that would produce a positive gradient of TF retinalimage quality in the direction of eye growth, as indicated in Table 2and optimising the power profile (front surface of correcting contactlens) to achieve a required positive gradient. The lens design isdescribed as the axial power variation in Dioptres across the optic zonediameter. The example provided may have application to a non-progressinghyperope whose spherical refractive error is +2D and this information isindicated by a dual gray line on the power profile.

As explained herein, the example power profiles shown in FIGS. 17 to 26were selected based on the slope of RIQ around the retina, according tocertain embodiments. Across these examples, substantial variations inthe value of RIQ may occur. These variations occur on-axis, across thepupil diameter, and at different field angles. Additional selectioncriteria are the value of RIQ and the change in RIQ with field angle. Inparticular, the selection may be made to maximise one or more of RIQon-axis, across the pupil diameter (with or without reduction in lightof the Stiles-Crawford effect) and at different field angles. Inaddition, the size of the pupil of the recipient may also be used as aselection criterion—e.g., a first aberration profile may better suit afirst recipient with a normal pupil size of 4 mm and a second aberrationprofile may better suit a second recipient with a normal pupil size of 5mm. The ‘normal’ pupil size may optionally be selected having regard tolifestyle factors, such as the amount of time a person spends indoorsversus outdoors. Additional examples referred to below incorporate theseselection criteria. First however, to provide a point of comparison, theRIQ performance of a single vision lens is described and shown in FIG.27.

FIG. 27 is an exemplary that shows a graph of a measure of a throughfocus RIQ metric, according to certain embodiments, which in this case,and in the following examples, is Visual Strehl Ratio (monochromatic).The RIQ may result, for example, from a single vision contact lens witha power of −2D used to correct a recipient model myopic eye with −2Donly. The horizontal (independent) axis shows the through focus, inDioptres. The zero (0) value on the horizontal axis represents thelocation of the focal point of the single vision lens and the vertical(dependent) axis shows the RIQ. Three plots are provided, one foron-axis (circles), one for a field angle of 10 degrees (triangles) andone for a field angle of 20 degrees (crosses).

As used in this example described herein, the term global is used torefer to consideration across a range of field angles, including zero.Thus, the graph shows Global through focus RIQ, as it includes plotsacross a range of field angles. While a single vision lens hassymmetrical RIQ on-axis at zero field angle, it has asymmetrical throughfocus RIQ at non-zero field angles, including both at 10 and 20 degrees.In particular, the graph shows that RIQ improves in the direction of eyegrowth at non-zero field angles, according to certain embodiments. Underthe optical feedback mechanism explanation of emmetropisation,peripheral as well as on-axis vision provides a stimulus for eye growth.

FIG. 28 is an exemplary that shows a graph of RIQ for an embodiment of alens (named ‘Iteration A1’) selected to address the optical feedbackmechanism explanation of emmetropisation where eye growth is to bediscouraged (e.g. to address progressing myopia or to address a risk ofdeveloping myopia), according to certain embodiments. The data for FIG.28 was prepared for a pupil size of 4 mm and to address the same, orsubstantially the same, level of myopia as for the Single VisionIteration. Comparing FIG. 28 with FIG. 27, the RIQ no longer improves ina direction of eye growth for non-zero field angles. In particular, theRIQ has a strong trend towards degrading in the direction of eye growthfor 10 degrees off-axis. While there may be a slight improvement or nosubstantially no change in RIQ about the retina at 20 degrees off-axis,the overall effect is strongly biased towards degrading RIQ in thedirection of eye growth. FIG. 29 shows a power profile that result inthe RIQ graph of FIG. 28.

FIG. 30 is an exemplary that shows a graph of RIQ for certainembodiments of a lens (Iteration A2) selected to address the opticalfeedback mechanism explanation of emmetropisation. The data for FIG. 30was prepared for a pupil size of 5 mm.

FIGS. 31 and 32 are exemplary that show graphs of the RIQ for two otherembodiments of a lens (Iteration C1 and Iteration C2 respectively)selected to address the optical feedback mechanism explanation ofemmetropisation, but in this case to provide improving RIQ in thedirection of eye growth (e.g. to provide a stimulus to an eye to grow tocorrect hyperopia). FIGS. 31 and 32 show exemplary embodiments selectedwith different weights to the selection criteria. In the power profilethat gives FIG. 31, achieving a high on-axis RIQ was given more weightthan achieving a high RIQ across a large range of field angles.

In the power profile that gives FIG. 32, more weight was given toproviding a high RIQ across a large range of field angles than toachieving a high RIQ on-axis. In certain applications, an acceptablehigh RIQ across a large field angles is considered to be an RIQ above0.6, above 0.55, above 0.5, above 0.45, above 0.4, above 0.35, or above0.3. Table 3 lists the defocus and higher order aberrations coefficientsup to 20th order, in microns, over a 5 mm pupil diameter for the abovedescribed power profiles.

TABLE 3 Defocus and higher order Spherical aberration coefficients overa 5 mm pupil for a single vision lens and four exemplary embodimentsthat provide a required slope for through focus RIQ. Iteration C(2,0)C(4,0) C(6,0) C(8,0) C(10,0) C(12,0) C(14,0) C(16,0) C(18,0) C(20,0)Single −1.800 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000Vision Lens Iteration A1 −1.568 0.107 −0.017 −0.016 −0.022 −0.008 0.0260.005 −0.016 0.003 Iteration A2 −1.562 0.115 −0.011 −0.011 −0.019 −0.0070.025 0.004 −0.017 0.005 Iteration C1 1.468 −0.135 0.020 0.029 0.0360.011 −0.036 −0.008 0.022 −0.003 Iteration C2 1.468 −0.116 0.035 0.010−0.013 −0.030 −0.014 0.025 0.004 −0.016

Section 9 Application to Presbyopia

Presbyopia is a condition where with age an eye exhibits a progressivelydiminished ability to focus on near objects. The ability to focus onnear objects may be referred to as accommodative ability. Pre-presbyopiais an early stage at which patients begin to describe symptoms ofdiminished ability to focus on near objects. The ability to focus onnear objects without use of lenses and/or devices disclosed herein isconsidered as a non-presbyopic condition. Certain embodiments aredirected to providing lenses, devices and/or methods that are configuredsuch that the embodiments provide visual performance that issubstantially comparable to the visual performance of a pre-presbyope ornon-presbyope over a range of distances with minimal ghosting.

For example, where the near distance is the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm,50 cm to 80 cm or 50 cm to 70 cm; and far distance is the range of 100cm or greater, 80 cm or greater or 70 cm or greater. Other distances orrange of distances may also be used.

In certain applications, extending the through focus RIQ may provide oneor more benefits in the context of presbyopia. The reduced ability ofthe eye to see at near due to the reduced accommodation may be partiallycompensated and/or mitigated by using the extended through focus ofcertain approaches described herein. The benefits may include visualperformance at near close to or approaching the visual performance of aproperly prescribed single-vision lens for near.

Other benefits may include (i) visual performance at far andintermediate distances substantially equivalent to the visualperformance of a properly prescribed single-vision lens for far visualdistance; (ii) visual performance over intermediate and far distancesthat is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of acorrectly prescribed single-vision lens at the far visual distance;(iii) visual performance, along a range of substantially continuousvisual distances, including intermediate and far distances, wherein thevisual performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantiallyequivalent to the visual performance of a correctly prescribedsingle-vision lens at the far visual distance; and/or (iv) providingvisual performance at far and intermediate distances substantiallyequivalent to the visual performance of a properly prescribedsingle-vision lens at the far visual distance with minimal, orsubstantially minimum, ghosting.

In certain embodiments, the visual distance over one or more of thefollowing ranges i.e. near intermediate and far distances may becontinuous, substantially continuous or continuous over a portion of thenear distance or distances, the intermediate distance or distances, orfar distance or distances. This may also be true for optical infinity.In certain embodiments, continuous may be defined as near distance rangefrom 33 cm to 50 cm, 40 cm to 50 cm or 33 to 60 cm; intermediatedistance range from 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80 cm or 50 cm to 70 cm;and far distance range from 100 cm or greater, 80 cm or greater or 70 cmor greater. According to certain disclosed lenses, the lens isconfigured to provide the visual performance, along continuous visualdistances, including near distances, intermediate distances, and fardistances.

In some embodiments the through focus RIQ is extended further by takinga monocular optimisation approach, or using one or more of the monocularmethods disclosed herein. The monocular optimisation approach in certainembodiments is achieved by extending the through focus RIQ to optimiseone eye for distance vision and the other eye for near. In certainembodiments, this optimisation is by selecting different base powers(i.e. effective refractive prescriptions) for the lenses. The extendedthrough focus (for example RIQ) for each lens allows the base powers tobe separated, or used without sacrificing, or substantially reducing,far, intermediate, or near vision between the two base powers.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the monocular methods disclosedherein may be used to extend the binocular through-focus RIQ, or thethrough-focus RIQ, by using an aberration profile for one eye and adifferent aberration profile for the other eye. The extendedthrough-focus RIQ of each lens optimises one eye for distance vision andthe other eye for near without substantially reducing, far,intermediate, and/or near vision, and minimal, or substantially minimal,ghosting with the two aberration profiles.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the monocular methods disclosedherein may be used to extend the binocular through-focus RIQ, or thethrough-focus RIQ, by using an aberration profile and a base power forone eye and a different aberration profile and a different base powerfor the other eye. The extended through-focus RIQ of each lens optimisesone eye for distance vision and the other eye for near withoutsubstantially reducing, far, intermediate, and/or near vision, andminimal, or substantially minimal, ghosting with the two aberration andbase power profiles.

Under the monocular approach, in some embodiments, selection of anaberration profile may give a higher priority to the consideration ofthe RIQ and through focus RIQ, and change in RIQ and through focus RIQat different pupil sizes (which reflect the change in the eye withdifferent accommodation levels and illumination levels).

Similarly, a lens or optical device may be designed as a bifocal ormultifocal or omnifocal lens, with one or both of the partsincorporating aberration profiles as described herein to extend TFRIQ. Acombination of bifocal, multifocal, omnifocal lenses, devices, methodsand procedures can be used either in one eye or synergistically in botheyes by appropriate selection for each eye that will enhance thebinocular performance. For example, one eye may be biased for optimalvision for far and the other eye for optimal vision at near.

A combination of bifocal, multifocal, omnifocal lenses, devices and/orthe monocular method that may increase visual performance over a rangeof dioptric distances by about 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, or 2.25D. Forexample, with reference to such method of prescribing bifocal lenses:one eye may have far distance vision in the upper quadrants ofperformance (RIQ about 0.0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5 or another selected) andnear vision in the lower quadrants of performance (RIQ about 0.1, 0.12,0.15, 0.17, 0.2 or another selected) and the other eye may haveintermediate vision in the upper quadrants of performance (RIQ about0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5 or another selected) and near vision in the lowerquadrants of performance (RIQ about 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.17, 0.2 oranother selected).

When different base powers, power profiles or aberration profiles areused in two different eyes; the different base powers, power profiles,aberration profiles may be selected so that the through focus RIQoverlaps to increase the binocular through-focus RIQ. For example, incertain embodiments, the base powers may be selected so that incombination the Visual Strehl Ratio does not drop below 0.1, 0.15, 0.2,0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.40 or another selected value, between the combined.RIQ profiles.

A) Examples for Presbyopia

FIG. 36 shows a graph of through focus RIQ (in this case Visual StrehlRatio) for seven power profiles, according to certain embodiments. Inthis figure the vertical axis (RIQ) is defined on a logarithmic scale.FIG. 36 was obtained for a 5 mm pupil size and an eye with no myopia orhyperopia and no other higher order aberrations. One or more powerprofiles may be adapted to a myopic or hyperopic eye by incorporating anappropriate correcting defocus term, which does not affect the higherorder aberrations defining the power profiles used for form FIG. 36.

The seven power profiles are: a power profile that may appear in aconventional centre-distance aspheric multifocal lens (indicated bytriangles in FIG. 36); a power profile that may appear in a conventionalcentre-near multifocal lens (indicated by ‘x’ in FIG. 36); a powerprofile that may appear in a centre-distance concentric bifocal lens(indicated by filled ‘□’ in FIG. 36); a power profile that may appear ina centre-near concentric bifocal lens (indicated by empty ‘⋄’ in FIG.36) and three iterations (Iteration B1, Iteration B2, Iteration B3)including a favourable combination of spherical aberration (indicated byfilled circles, bold ‘+’ signs and a concentric circle pairs,respectively, in FIG. 36).

The power profiles for each of these are shown in FIGS. 37 to 43. Thecentre-distance and centre-near aspheric multifocals had the centrecomponent extend to about 2 mm and the outer zone power commence at aradius of about 1.8 mm. A linear transition was provided between thenear and distance power zones. The concentric bifocals both had a ringstructure, alternating between an additional power of 2 Dioptres and noaddition power (also referred to as base distance power).

Table 4 lists the defocus and higher order spherical aberrationcoefficients up to 20^(th) order, in microns, over a 5 mm pupildiameter, for the three exemplary embodiment power profiles, namely:Iteration B1 (FIG. 41), Iteration B2 (FIG. 42) and Iteration B3 (FIG.43), respectively.

TABLE 4 Defocus and Spherical aberration coefficients of three exemplaryembodiments for presbyopia. Iteration Iteration B1 Iteration B2Iteration B3 C(2, 0) −0.096 −0.092 0.033 C(4, 0) −0.135 0.032 0.003 C(6,0) 0.02 0.074 0.077 C(8, 0) 0.029 −0.015 −0.045 C(10, 0) 0.036 −0.006−0.023 C(12, 0) 0.012 −0.018 0.01 C(14, 0) −0.036 −0.009 0.014 C(16, 0)−0.01 0.007 0.007 C(18, 0) 0.022 0.011 0.003 C(20, 0) 0 0.002 −0.014

Table 5 lists out the defocus and higher order spherical aberrationcoefficients up to 20^(th) order, in microns, over a 5 mm pupildiameter, for the described power profiles, namely, centre-distanceaspheric multifocal (FIG. 37), and centre-near aspheric multifocal (FIG.38, respectively.

TABLE 5 Defocus and Higher order spherical aberration coefficients ofboth centre-distance and centre-near type aspheric multifocal lenses.Centre-Distance Centre-Near Iteration aspheric multifocal asphericmultifocal C(2, 0) 1.15 0.324 C(4, 0) 0.181 −0.244 C(6, 0) −0.09 0.114C(8, 0) 0.02 −0.021 C(10, 0) 0 −0.013 C(12, 0) 0 0.011 C(14, 0) 0 0C(16, 0) 0 0 C(18, 0) 0 0 C(20, 0) 0 0

In the aspheric multifocal lenses the spherical aberration coefficientsprogressively decrease in absolute magnitude with an increase in order.This is in contrast to the power profiles of Iteration B1, Iteration B2and Iteration B3, which include at least one higher order sphericalaberration term with an absolute value coefficient greater than theabsolute value of the coefficient for a lower order term. Thischaracteristic is present in one or more of the embodiments of powerprofile described herein. From FIG. 36, it can be noted that thecentre-distance aspheric multifocal has a RIQ of 0.23 at 0D, whichsubstantially inferior than the other power profiles, according tocertain embodiments. However, performance of this lens as gauged by theRIQ metric is maintained relatively constant over a large through focusrange. For example, at −0.4 Dioptres the RIQ is about 0.2, at 0.67 theRIQ is about 0.18 and at −1 Dioptres, the RIQ is about 0.12.

The centre-near aspheric multifocal has a RIQ at 0D is about 0.5. Withthis exemplary design, the RIQ falls to about 0.24 at −0.67 Dioptres(still better than the centre-distance aspheric multifocal). However,beyond that the centre-near aspheric multifocal has a rapidly decreasingRIQ, as can be seen at −1 Dioptre the value of RIQ is about 0.08. Bothof the concentric bifocals (centre-distance and -near) have a low RIQ of0.13 and 0.21 at 0D. Both of the concentric bifocals maintain theirlevel of RIQ or better over a range of approximately 1.1 Dioptres.

Iteration B1, Iteration B2 and Iteration B3 have at least as good RIQ at0D, as the centre near bifocal and also better RIQ across the TF rangebetween −0.65D and 0.75D as the eye accommodates. For example IterationB2 has an RIQ of about 0.53 at −0.4 Dioptres, about 0.32 at −0.67Dioptres and about 0.13 at −1 Dioptres. Through focus performance (RIQ)of Iteration B1, Iteration B2 and Iteration B3 can be further extended.This extension is achieved by shifting the curves to the left in FIG.36. However, the performance of the centre-near aspheric multifocallens, in this exemplary, cannot be shifted in this manner withoutsubstantially affecting performance, due to the asymmetric RIQ thatdecreases substantially more rapidly for plus powers (right hand side ofFIG. 36).

For example, the three exemplary iterations have an RIQ of about 0.40 at+0.55D. Combining the spherical aberration terms with a +0.55D defocusterm will shift the RIQ value for distance vision to the value for+0.55D in FIG. 36. Considering Iteration B2 again, the through focusperformance (RIQ) would be modified as follows: an RIQ of about 0.4 atdistance vision, an RIQ of about 0.53 at −0.4 Dioptres, about 0.64 at−0.67 Dioptres, about 0.52 at −1 Dioptres, about 0.40 at −1.1 Dioptres,and about 0.15 at −1.5 Dioptres.

By shifting the distance vision point in a lens with combinations of HOAthat extend through focus RIQ performance, then the lenses, devicesand/or methods that provide the combination of HOA can have asubstantially improved through focus performance. This is achieved whilemaintaining at least as good RIQ as a centre near aspheric multifocaland substantially improved RIQ in comparison to a centre distanceaspheric multifocal. The amount of defocus plus power added to shift theRIQ curves is a matter of choice, representing a trade-off betweendistance vision RIQ and near vision RIQ. Table 6 shows the defocus(leftmost column) and RIQ values for the power profiles described above.It also shows the defocus values shifted by +0.55D, applicable when toIteration B1, Iteration B2 and/or Iteration B3 is modified by thisamount.

TABLE 6 RIQ values for two bifocal lenses, two concentric bifocal lensesand three aberration profiles for extended through focus RIQ. Defocus(D) Centre- Centre- Iteration Iteration Iteration Centre- Centre-Defocus −1.1085 0.1021 0.0601 0.1342 0.0918 0.0971 0.2025 0.1349 −0.6085−0.9977 0.1212 0.0768 0.1831 0.1338 0.1228 0.2447 0.1524 −0.4977 −0.88680.1407 0.1062 0.2394 0.1882 0.1577 0.2913 0.1675 −0.3868 −0.7760 0.15980.1574 0.2957 0.2511 0.2095 0.3362 0.1789 −0.2760 −0.6651 0.1776 0.23830.3423 0.3160 0.2830 0.3700 0.1851 −0.1651 −0.5543 0.1931 0.3481 0.38670.4262 0.3723 0.3839 0.1855 −0.0543 −0.4434 0.2060 0.4699 0.4550 0.53180.4583 0.3735 0.1805 0.0566 −0.3326 0.2162 0.5715 0.4992 0.6099 0.52660.3417 0.1709 0.1674 −0.2217 0.2237 0.6185 0.5110 0.6451 0.5691 0.29690.1584 0.2783 −0.1109 0.2284 0.5913 0.4924 0.6369 0.5879 0.2495 0.14440.3891 0.0000 0.2304 0.4980 0.5014 0.5993 0.5906 0.2076 0.1300 0.50000.1109 0.2294 0.3702 0.4924 0.5511 0.5825 0.1754 0.1167 0.6109 0.22170.2249 0.2468 0.5110 0.5055 0.5609 0.1539 0.1055 0.7217 0.3326 0.21600.1549 0.4992 0.4648 0.5182 0.1418 0.0973 0.8326 0.4434 0.2048 0.10100.4550 0.4232 0.4513 0.1367 0.0924 0.9434 0.5543 0.2000 0.0758 0.38670.3741 0.3672 0.1358 0.0908 1.0543 0.6651 0.2173 0.0650 0.3082 0.31540.2815 0.1363 0.0917 1.1651 0.7760 0.2727 0.0588 0.2327 0.2511 0.20950.1362 0.0940 1.2760 0.8868 0.3701 0.0535 0.1694 0.1882 0.1577 0.13470.0962 1.3868 0.9977 0.4907 0.0491 0.1219 0.1338 0.1228 0.1325 0.09921.4977 1.1085 0.5962 0.0458 0.0896 0.0918 0.0971 0.1305 0.1087 1.6085

B) Effect of Pupil Size

FIGS. 44 to 46 show the variation in through focus RIQ with pupil sizefor Iteration B1, Iteration B2 and Iteration B3 respectively, accordingto certain embodiments. The exemplary RIQ profiles are relativelystable, in that the RIQ retains the combination of a relatively high RIQ(in comparison to, for example, a centre distance aspheric multifocal)in combination with a relatively long through focus range (in comparisonto, for example, a centre near aspheric multifocal). Figure sets 47, 48and 49, 50 show the variation in through focus RIQ with pupil size forthe two concentric bifocals and two aspheric multifocals, respectively.From these figures it can be seen that, comparatively, the change in RIQand through focus RIQ performance is less stable for these lenses thanIteration B1 (FIG. 39), Iteration B2 (FIG. 40) and Iteration B3 (FIG.41). FIGS. 39 to 50 are examples, according to certain embodiments.

C) Monocular Design

As described herein, Iteration B2 (FIG. 40) may provide an RIQ of 0.4 orabove from distance vision to about an intermediate vergence of about1.1 Dioptres. When appropriate level of defocus is added to the sameiteration while correcting the other eye, TFRIQ can be extended from 1.1Dioptres to up close, say 2.2D target vergence, i.e. binocularlycombined the candidate eye may maintain an RIQ of 0.4 or above fromdistance test distance to all the way up to, or substantially up to 2.2Dioptres. Using this monocular design approach and assuming therecipient accepts the monocular design, the combined Through focusperformance is substantially extended, according to certain embodiments,according to certain embodiments.

Referring to the through focus profiles shown in FIGS. 51 and 52, whichare described herein, under the monocular design approach, one lens willbe selected to have a base power (distance refractive prescription) thatshifts the through focus curve to the extreme, or subs left (starting at−2.5D mark) and the other lens selected to have a base power that shiftsthe through focus curve slightly to the left (starting at −1.5D mark),according to certain embodiments.

FIGS. 51 and 52 show the TF RIQ of the design of two pairs of powerprofiles (Binocular ‘Q’ correction), according to certain embodiments.Each lens in the pair has been designed to extend RIQ in combinationwith the other lens in the pair. The defocus and higher order sphericalaberration coefficients for these combinations are specified in Tables 7and 8 respectively.

TABLE 7 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients offirst exemplary embodiment for monocular design of lenses for presbyopia(Effective add of 1.5 D in the negative direction of through-focuscurve. Combination Right Eye Left Eye C(2, 0) 0.28 0.57 C(4, 0) −0.10.125 C(6, 0) 0.025 −0.075 C(8, 0) 0.075 −0.075 C(10, 0) 0.025 −0.025C(12, 0) 0.025 0 C(14, 0) 0.025 0.025 C(16, 0) 0.025 0.025 C(18, 0)0.025 −0.025 C(20, 0) 0 −0.025

TABLE 8 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients ofsecond exemplary embodiment for monocular design of lenses forpresbyopia (Effective add of 2.5 D in the negative direction ofthrough-focus curve. Combination Right Eye Left Eye C(2, 0) 0.433 0.866C(4, 0) −0.1 −0.1 C(6, 0) −0.05 −0.05 C(8, 0) 0.025 0.025 C(10, 0) 0.0250.025 C(12, 0) −0.025 −0.025 C(14, 0) −0.025 −0.025 C(16, 0) 0 0 C(18,0) 0 0 C(20, 0) 0 0

The power profiles described in relation to Table 7 and Table 8 areexamples of combinations of higher order aberrations, that provideenhanced through-focus performance on the negative side of thethrough-focus function. Similarly, using this monocular design approach,the combined through-focus performance can also be substantiallyextended on the right side of the through-focus function, provided anappropriate level of defocus is added to a selected combination ofhigher order aberrations. FIGS. 53 and 54 show examples with arelatively constant RIQ (>0.35) over a range of defocus, in the positivedirection of the through-focus function, according to certainembodiments. The defocus and higher order spherical aberrationcoefficients for these combinations are specified in Tables 9 and 10,respectively.

TABLE 9 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients ofthird exemplary embodiment for monocular design of lenses for presbyopia(Effective add of 1.5 D in the positive direction of through-focuscurve). Combination Right Eye Left Eye C(2, 0) −0.28 −0.43 C(4, 0)−0.125 −0.125 C(6, 0) −0.05 −0.05 C(8, 0) 0.075 0.075 C(10, 0) 0.0250.025 C(12, 0) −0.025 −0.025 C(14, 0) 0 0 C(16, 0) 0 0 C(18, 0) 0 0C(20, 0) 0 0

TABLE 10 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients offourth exemplary embodiment for monocular design of lenses forpresbyopia (Effective add of 2.5 D in the positive direction ofthrough-focus curve). Combination Right Eye Left Eye C(2, 0) −0.43 −0.86C(4, 0) −0.125 −0.125 C(6, 0) −0.05 −0.05 C(8, 0) 0.075 0.075 C(10, 0)0.025 0.025 C(12, 0) −0.025 −0.025 C(14, 0) 0 0 C(16, 0) 0 0 C(18, 0) 00 C(20, 0) 0 0

Section 10 Design for Peripheral Field

In some embodiments, when selecting a combination of HOA to form a powerprofile, the weight given to peripheral vision may be increased. Thismay, for example, be applicable when the recipient plays certain sportsin which peripheral vision is important.

FIG. 55 shows a graph of RIQ (again Visual Strehl Ratio), for threedifferent power profiles that substantially equalise RIQ across thehorizontal visual field, according to certain embodiments. The RIQmeasures were obtained for a 5 mm pupil. The defocus and higher orderspherical aberration coefficients for each power profile are shown inTable 11.

TABLE 11 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients ofthree exemplary embodiments for substantially constant RIQ over extendedhorizontal field angles Iteration Iteration A3 Iteration A4 Iteration A5C(2, 0) −1.506 −1.504 −1.501 C(4, 0) 0.111 0.114 0.117 C(6, 0) −0.04−0.037 −0.034 C(8, 0) −0.015 −0.013 −0.01 C(10, 0) 0.007 0.009 0.012C(12, 0) 0.025 0.027 0.029 C(14, 0) 0.011 0.013 0.014 C(16, 0) −0.025−0.024 −0.023 C(18, 0) −0.003 −0.002 −0.002 C(20, 0) 0.017 0.016 0.015

The Iterations A3 (FIG. 56), A4 (FIG. 57) and A5 (FIG. 58) produced anon-axis RIQ of about 0.5 across zero to 30 degrees field angle (ifhorizontal symmetry is assumed, that is 60 degrees in total across bothnasal and temporal fields), according to certain embodiments. The RIQon-axis is also about 0.5, which is lower than some other embodimentswhere degradation in RIQ below 0.5 with increasing field angle ispermitted.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the RIQ on-axis may be traded-offagainst RIQ at high field angles. For example, RIQ may be permitted todrop to 0.2 at 30 degrees field angle (but remain at 0.5 or above for 20degrees field angle and less), to allow a selection of HOA thatincreases on-axis RIQ above those shown in FIG. 55. Power profiledesigns for peripheral vision may be selected for a lens designed toprovide a slope of RIQ (providing stimulus to retard or encourage eyegrowth under the optical feedback mechanism explanation foremmetropisation), or correction/lenses for presbyopia (emmetropia,myopia or hyperopia) or for other eyes. In certain embodiments, highfield angles are one or more of the following: 10 degrees, 20 degrees,30 degrees or 40 degrees of the visual field. Other suitable highfield-angles may also be used in certain applications.

Section 11 Selection of Positive and Negative Phase

For a particular recipient of a lens, device and/or a method disclosedherein, a selection may be made between two power profiles of oppositephases. In this context, the term ‘opposite phase’ identifies powerprofiles that have identical, or substantially identical, magnitudes ofspecific combination sets of higher order aberrations over a desiredpupil, while their signs are opposite to each other. FIGS. 59 and 60show power profile iterations E1 and E2, which are examples of powerprofiles with opposite phases, according to certain embodiments. Table12 reflects the magnitudes and signs of the higher order sphericalaberration terms for iterations E1 and E2.

The lenses of opposite phase described herein may result in the same, orsubstantially the same, on-axis peak RIQ. The through focus RIQperformance of such phase profile pairs may be mirror images, orsubstantially mirror images, of each other across the Y-axis (i.e.shifted apart by defocus), as shown in FIG. 61. However, this wouldresult if the inherent higher order aberration profile is negligiblysmall (say for example primary spherical aberration in the range of−0.02 μm to 0.02 μm over a 5 mm pupil).

TABLE 12 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients oftwo exemplary embodiments with opposite phases (i.e. mirror imaged powerprofiles across the X-axis). Iteration Iteration E1 Iteration E2 C(2, 0)−2.015 −1.573 C(4, 0) −0.102 0.102 C(6, 0) 0.021 −0.021 C(8, 0) 0.019−0.019 C(10, 0) 0.025 −0.025 C(12, 0) 0.01 −0.01 C(14, 0) −0.025 0.025C(16, 0) −0.006 0.006 C(18, 0) 0.016 −0.016 C(20, 0) −0.003 0.003

The interactions between the inherent aberration profiles of thecandidate eyes and a selected phase profile may either have a) animproved or b) degraded effect on the objective and/or subjectiveoptical and/or visual performance. As the TF RIQ is dependent on theinherent aberration profile, a phase profiles selected for instance maybe useful to change the slope of TF RIQ in the direction that wouldfavour the emmetropisation process for myopic or hyperopic eyes; oralternatively the same, or similar, phase profile may be used tomitigate the presbyopic symptoms in alternative candidate eyes.

FIGS. 62 and 63 show how the TFRIQ of opposite phase profiles aredependent on the inherent ocular aberration of the candidate eye (inthis example positive spherical aberration), according to certainembodiments. Certain embodiments disclosed herein involve providinglenses of the same, or substantially same, design, but opposite phaseand allowing the recipient to select the preferred phase. The process ofselection can be via an objective assessment of TF RIQ performancemetric and/or could be purely a subjective preference via visuallyguided tests.

Section 12 Combination Identification and Selection

As described herein for certain embodiments, it is possible to provide adesirable on-axis RIQ for distance and appropriate through focus RIQthat would enable better visual performance for distance, intermediateand near vergences by choosing an appropriate combination of HOA. Thiscombination of higher order aberrations may contain a correction for theinherent aberration profile of the test candidate. The Appendix A tothis specification lists 78 combinations of higher order sphericalaberration coefficients that provide both a usefully high RIQ and anoption to provide an extended through focus RIQ in the negativedirection (left hand side). Also shown in the Appendix A, as a point ofcomparison, is a combination which does not have spherical aberration,of any order. The Appendix B shows the TFRIQ values for the combinationslisted in the Appendix A. The calculations were performed for a pupilsize of 4 mm, however the approach, or method, may be extended to otherappropriate and/or desired pupil sizes if required or desired. Forexample, the method may be used with a pupil size within one or more offollowing ranges: 1.5 to 8 mm, 2 to 8 mm, 2.5 to 8 mm, 3 to 7 mm, 3 to 8mm and 3.5 to 7 mm. For example, the method may be used with pupil sizesof about 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5 or 8 mm.

The TFRIQ measures of the 78 aberration combinations are shown in FIG.64, the black line showing the symmetrical RIQ that has resulted from acombination that has no higher order aberrations, the lighter lines(i.e. gray lines) showing the enhanced performance in the negativedirection of the TFRIQ function for the 78 combinations that involvehigher order spherical aberration terms.

From FIG. 64, a number of observations can be made. The 78 profiles withhigher order spherical aberration terms provide an extended throughfocus performance in the negative direction, particularly when anappropriate selection of a negative power is made to shift the plottedthrough-focus profile towards negative defocus (left). The 78 profilesinclude a range over which RIQ is 0.1 or higher of at least 2 Dioptres.Several of the 78 profiles include a range over which RIQ is 0.1 orhigher of at least 2.25 Dioptres. The 78 profiles include an RIQ (VisualStrehl Ratio—monochromatic) that peaks above 0.35. Many of the profilesinclude an RIQ that peaks above the thresholds of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7and some combinations result in a peak that lies above 0.8 mark.

The spherical aberration terms vary in the combinations, from one(example: combination 77) through to the nine. In other embodiments evenhigher orders of spherical aberration terms may be added, to createadditional combinations.

The combination 77 in the Appendix A shows that by selecting aparticular level of primary spherical aberration, the aberration profilemay be beneficially used for a presbyopic eye. See U.S. Pat. No.6,045,568 for myopia. In contrast, according to certain embodiments, astimulus to retard eye growth on-axis under the optical feedbackexplanation of emmetropisation is achieved if the retina is located onthe negative side of the graph shown in FIG. 65 (i.e. the focal lengthof the lens is longer than the eye). In other words, the aberrationprofile typically includes a C(2,0) term with further negative powerover the amount required to correct myopia.

Appendix C lists another 67 combinations of higher order coefficientsthat provide both a usefully high RIQ and an option to provide anextended TF RIQ in the positive direction (right hand side of FIG. 66).Also shown in Appendix C, as a point of comparison, is a combinationwhich does not have spherical aberration of any order. The Appendix Dshows the TFRIQ values for the combinations listed in Appendix C. Again,calculations were performed for a pupil size of 4 mm, however theapproach, or methods, may be extended to other appropriate or desiredpupil sizes, if required or desired.

The TFRIQ measures of the 67 aberration combinations are shown in FIG.66, the black line showing the symmetrical RIQ that has resulted from acombination that has no higher order aberrations, the lighter (i.e.gray) lines showing the enhanced performance in the positive directionof the TFRIQ function, for the 67 combinations that involved higherorder spherical aberration terms.

From the FIG. 66, a number of observations can be made. The 67 profileswith higher order spherical aberration terms provide an extendedthrough-focus performance in the positive direction particularly whenappropriate selection of a negative power is made to shift the plottedthrough-focus profile towards negative defocus (left). The 67 profilesinclude a range over which the RIQ is 0.1 or higher or greater than2.5D. FIG. 67 shows an example workflow diagram for identifying a powerprofile for application to a presbyopic eye, according to certainembodiments.

Section 13 Spherical Aberration and Astigmatism

Iterations B1, B2 and B3 have been described herein for emmetropicpresbyopia. When considering the astigmatic presbyopia, at least twodifferent methods can be adopted. A first method of correction iscompleted by considering astigmatic refractive error as an equivalentsphere. In this method, the spherical equivalent prescription is deducedby dividing the cylindrical/astigmatic power divided two (S=−C/2). Thisis a very common approach often considered to address low to moderateamounts of astigmatism, say up to −1.5D. Once the equivalent sphere isavailed, the same, or substantially the same, iterations describedherein, say for example B1, B2 or B3 can be used as an effectiveprescription, once the defocus term is adjusted to suit the sphericalequivalent.

A second method considers preparation of a toric prescription for bothastigmatism and presbyopia. FIG. 68 shows an exemplary embodiment thatincludes a toric power profile to treat both astigmatism and presbyopia.In this case, the prescription is made to correct an individual who hasan astigmatic correction of −1D@90 and requires an additional power toenable near viewing. As can be noted from the figure, the differencebetween the horizontal and vertical meridian is −1D, this magnitude isset to correct the astigmatism in the above case; while the higher orderspherical aberration combination is aimed to mitigate the presbyopicsymptoms. Other suitable methods may also be used or incorporated intosome of the disclosed embodiments.

Section 14 Implementation

Aberration profiles of the types described herein may be implemented ina number of lenses, ocular devices and/or methods. For example, contactlenses (hard or soft), corneal onlays, corneal inlays, and lenses forintraocular devices (both anterior and posterior chamber) may includethe combination aberration profiles discussed. Techniques to designlenses and to achieve a power profile are known and will are notdescribed herein in any detail. The aberration profiles can be appliedto spectacle lenses. However, because the aberration profiles requirealignment of the eye with the centre of the optics providing theaberration profile, then benefit may only be apparent for one particulardirection of gaze. Recently electro-active lenses have been proposedthat can track the direction of gaze and change the refractiveproperties of the lenses in response. Using electro-active lenses theaberration profile can move with the eye, which may increase the utilityof the disclosed aberration profiles for spectacle lenses.

The aberration profile may be provided on a lens which is an intraocularlens. In some embodiments, the intraocular lens may include haptics thatprovide for accommodation. In other embodiments, the lens may have afixed focal length. The aberration profile may be provided on asupplementary endo-capsular lens.

In certain applications, one or more of the disclosed aberrationprofiles may be provided to an eye through computer-assisted surgeryand/or methods of altering the power and/or aberration profile of theeye. For example implant, laser sculpting, laser abalation,thermokeratoplasty, lens sculpting are used for such a purpose. Examplesof such methods include radial keratotomy (RK), photorefractivekeratotomy (PRK), thermokeratoplasty, conductive keratoplasty, laserassisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK), laser assisted in-situepi-keratomileusis (LASEK) and/or clear lens extraction. For examplerefractive surgery or corneal ablation may be used to form a selectedaberration profile. The desired power profile or the desired change incorneal shape and/or power is substantially determined, or determined,and input to the laser system for application to the eye of the patient.Procedures may also be used to input a desired profile and/or aberrationprofile to the crystalline lens itself either by implant, laserabalation and/or laser sculpting to achieve a desired outcome. Thisincludes, but not limited to, systems that currently exist, includingwavefront guided femto-second lasers.

Where the aberration profiles are to be included in a lens, then theaberration profile may first be translated into a lens thickness profilefor input to computer assisted manufacturing. Taking for example, thelens power profile D1 shown in FIG. 69, which is a combination ofZernike higher order spherical aberration terms, is converted to anaxial thickness, or a surface, profile for a contact lens, takingaccount of the refractive index of the contact lens material (in thiscase, contact lens material refractive index of 1.42). An examplethickness profile is shown in FIG. 70. In certain embodiments, featuresof the power or thickness profiles can either be put on the front or theback surface or a combination of both, under consideration of therefractive indices of lens and cornea. Once one or more of the followingparameters, i.e., the thickness profile, power profile, back surfaceshape, diameter and refractive index of the material have beendetermined, one or more of the parameters are input to a computerassisted lathe, or other manufacturing systems to produce the contactlens. Similar approaches can be adopted for other lenses and opticalsystems such as intra-ocular lenses, anterior and/or posterior chamberlenses, corneal implants, refractive surgery or combinations thereof.

The aberration profile may be selected and identified as a custom lensfor an individual. The process for design of the aberration profile mayinclude measuring the wavefront aberration of the eye and designing anaberration profile to achieve a through focus RIQ profile describedherein. The design process includes identifying the spherical aberrationin the natural eye and designing an aberration profile for the lens,device and/or method that, in combination with the spherical aberrationof the eye provides a required, or desired, RIQ profile. As describedherein, the required, or desired, RIQ profile may differ depending onthe application of the lens—as different requirements may apply between,for example, a person with progressing myopia and a person withpresbyopia. In some embodiments, other aberrations in the eye, forexample astigmatism, coma or trefoil are ignored. In other embodiments,these are taken into account. For example, as described herein, thepresence of astigmatism affects the combinations of aberrations thatprovide a through focus RIQ that inhibits eye growth under the opticalfeedback explanation of emmetropisation. In other embodiments, theseaberrations are incorporated into the design. For example, whenproducing a lens design, a base lens may be produced that corrects fordefocus and corrects one or more of astigmatism, coma and trefoil. Ontop of this base profile is provided a spherical aberration profiledesigned to achieve (in the sense of using as an objective design) theprofiles described herein. The spherical aberration profile may beselected using a trial and error, or iterative-convergence approach, forexample by identifying a candidate profile, computing the through focusRIQ and evaluating whether the through focus RIQ has an acceptableprofile. In another approach aberration profiles may be designed forpopulation average, mean, median or other statistical representations ormetrics. One approach for designing population average, mean, median orother statistical representations or metrics, lenses is to normalise, orcustomise, or tailor, or optimise, the design for a pupil size.

In certain embodiments, the description of the aberration profiles,first derivatives of the power profiles, second derivatives of the powerprofiles, Fourier transformation of the power profiles, power profilesand image profiles of the power profiles and/or other suitable orappropriate measures of one or more optical characteristics or one ormore performance metrics for lenses, devices and/or methods has beenprovided to some extent by way of mathematical explanation orderivation. This allows to some extent for precision in deriving and/ordescribing the aberration profiles, first derivatives of the powerprofiles, second derivatives of the power profiles, Fouriertransformation of the power profiles, power profiles and image profilesof the power profiles for lenses.

However, in certain applications, lenses, devices and/or methods may ormay not have precision that is comparable to, or commensurate with orderived from the mathematical calculations. For example tolerances andinaccuracies arising during manufacture may or may not result invariations of the lens profile. In certain embodiments, the powerprofile and/or aberration profile of a lens may be approximatelymeasured using, for example, a wavefront aberrometer. From this anapproximate measure of through focus RIQ may be determined; for example,using Visual Strehl Ratio. In certain embodiments, the power profileand/or aberration profile of a lens may be characterised by using, forexample, suitable instruments and/or techniques such as Hartman-Shackaberrometry, ray-tracing, lens power mapping, focimetry, interferometry,phase contrast, ptchyography, Foucault knife-edge systems, orcombinations thereof. From these characterisations one or more of thefollowing: aberration profiles, first derivatives of the power profiles,second derivatives of the power profiles, Fourier transformation of thepower profiles, power profiles and image profiles of the power profilesand/or other suitable or appropriate measures of one or more opticalcharacteristics or one or more performance metrics, may be measured,derived or otherwise determined.

Aberration profiles may be implemented in a number of lenses, devicesand/or methods, according to certain embodiments. For example, the lensmay be characterised by testing the lens on a ray tracing or physicalmodel eye with a focal length equal to, or substantially equal to, thefocal distance of the lens. The aberration profile of the lens,including higher order aberration profiles, that would result in a imageon the retina which may be quantified using one or more of the RIQmetrics disclosed. In certain embodiments, the model eye may have no, orsubstantially no, aberrations. In certain embodiments, the RIQ metricmay be visual Strehl ratio. In other embodiments, the pupil size may beselected from one or more of the following ranges: 2 to 8 mm, 2 to 7 mm,2 to 6 mm, 3 to 6 mm, 3 to 5 mm, 4 to 6 mm or 5 to 7 mm. In some otherembodiments, the spatial frequency ranges can be selected from one ofthe following: 0 to 30 cycles/degree, 0 to 60 cycles/degree or 0 to 45cycles/degree. In other embodiments, the selected wavelength forcalculations of one or more RIQ metrics may be selected from one or moreof the following: 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, 420 nm to 760 nminclusive, 500 nm to 720 nm inclusive or 420 nm to 590 nm inclusive. Incertain embodiments, the RIQ may be measured on an on-axis model eye. Inother applications an off-axis model eye may be used to obtain other RIQvariants like the global RIQ. The through-focus RIQ may be calculated onthe model eye by using spherical lenses in front the model eye.

Certain embodiments disclosed herein are directed to methods ofcorrecting vision whereby a lens of one or more of the disclosedembodiments is prescribed according to one or more target refractivepowers, an appropriate power profile, and the lens is fitted to an eyeto provide a visual performance for the eye, along a range ofsubstantially continuous visual distances, including intermediate andfar distances, wherein the visual performance of the lens is at leastsubstantially equivalent to the visual performance of a correctlyprescribed single-vision lens at the far visual distance. Certainembodiments disclosed herein are directed to methods of correctingvision whereby a lens of one or more of the disclosed embodiments isprescribed according to one or more target refractive powers, anappropriate power profile, and the lens is fitted to an eye to improvethe visual performance for the eye. In certain applications, one or moremethods disclosed herein may be used for correcting vision of the eyeaccording to certain embodiments, whereby the eye is affected by one ormore of the following: myopia, hyperopia, emmetropia, astigmatism,presbyopia and optically aberrated.

Certain embodiments, may be used in methods for correcting the vision ofa pair of eyes, whereby one or both of the eyes is optically aberratedpossesses at least one higher-order aberration. Certain embodiments, maybe used in methods of correcting binocular vision, whereby two lenses ofone or more embodiments disclosed herein are prescribed according to afirst and a second target refractive power, a first and a second powerprofile are selected, and the two lenses fitted to a pair of eyesimprove the visual performance of the two eyes combined compared toindividual eyes separately. In certain methods disclosed herein, thefirst target refractive power is different from the second targetrefractive power.

Certain embodiments are directed to methods of correcting binocularvision, whereby the first target refractive power is selected to improvevisual performance at a visual distance that is at least one of thefollowing: far, intermediate, near; and the second target refractivepower is selected to improve visual performance at a visual distancethat is at least one of the following: far, intermediate, near; whereinthe visual distance at which the visual performance for which the firsttarget refractive power is selected is different from the visualdistance at which the visual performance for which the second targetrefractive power is selected. In certain applications, one or moremethods disclosed herein may be used for correcting vision of the eyeaccording to certain embodiments, whereby the refractive state of theeye may be classified as one or more of the following: myopia,hyperopia, emmetropia, regular astigmatism, irregular astigmatism,optically aberrated, presbyopia, non-presbyopia.

Certain embodiments are directed to methods of manufacturing lenseswhere the lenses are configured or designed according to a referenceeye, whereby the lens features that are configured are selected from oneor more of the following: focal length, refractive power, power profile,number of spherical aberration terms, magnitude of spherical aberrationterms; whereby the reference eye is selected from one or more of thefollowing: an individual eye, both eyes of an individual person,statistical representation of eyes a sample of an affected population,computational model of an eye and/or computational model of eyes of anaffected population.

In certain embodiments, aperture size may be used to characterise anentrance pupil of the eye and/or a portion of the optic zone of a lensand/or device. In certain applications, the effective aperture sizemaybe defined as an opening that is greater than or equal to 1.5 mm, 2mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm or 7 mm, this is in contrast to pin-holeapertures which typically have a diameter, for example, less than 1.5mm. For example, certain embodiments are directed to a lens comprising:an optical axis; at least two optical surfaces; wherein the lens isconfigured to provide a visual performance on a presbyopic eyesubstantially equivalent to the visual performance of a single-visionlens on the pre-presbyopic eye; and wherein the lens has an aperturesize greater than 1.5 mm.

Certain embodiments are directed to one or more methods of surgicalcorrection of vision to improve visual performance. For example, amethod for surgical correction may comprise the steps of: (1) computingone or more targeted modifications to the optical properties, powerand/or physical structure of an eye; wherein the targeted modificationscomprise: at least one desired refractive power and at least oneappropriate power profile; at least one aberration profile, wherein theaberration profile is comprised of at least two spherical aberrationterm and a defocus term; and a visual performance along substantiallycontinuous visual distances including near, intermediate and far,wherein the visual performance of the eye along the substantiallycontinuous visual distance is substantially equivalent to the visualperformance of an eye wearing an correctly prescribed single-vision lensfor the far visual distance; (2) inputting the desired modifications toan ophthalmic surgical system; and (3) applying the desiredmodifications to the eye with the ophthalmic surgical system. In certainapplications, the visual performance of the eye is further characterisedby minimal, or no, ghosting at near, intermediate and far visualdistances.

In certain applications, the vision performance of the correctlyprescribed single vision lens provides a visual acuity for the eye thatis the best-corrected visual acuity. In certain applications, thebest-corrected visual acuity is a visual acuity that cannot besubstantially improved by further manipulating the power of thecorrectly prescribed single vision lens. In certain applications, theaberration profile comprises three or more spherical aberration termsand a defocus term.

Certain embodiments are directed to lenses that provide substantiallyequivalent, or equivalent or better optical and/or visual performancethan a correctly prescribed single vision lens at far visual distance.As used in certain embodiments, correctly prescribed may mean aprescribed single vision lens at the far visual distance that provides avisual acuity for an eye that is the best-corrected visual acuity andcannot be substantially improved by further manipulating or adjustingthe power of the lens. As used in certain embodiments, appropriately,properly, effectively, prescribed may mean a prescribed single visionlens at the far visual distance that provides a visual acuity for an eyethat approximates the best-corrected visual acuity and cannot besubstantially improved by further manipulating or adjusting the power ofthe lens.

Certain embodiments are directed to one or more methods of surgicalcorrection of vision to improve visual performance. For example, amethod of correcting vision comprising the steps of: (1) computing oneor more targeted modifications to an eye; wherein the modificationsprovides to the eye: at least one optical characteristic; wherein the atleast one optical characteristic comprises at least one aberrationprofile; the aberration profile comprises at least two sphericalaberration term and a defocus term; and a visual performance atintermediate and far visual distances that is at least substantiallyequivalent to the eye fitted with an correctly prescribed single-visionlens for far visual distance; wherein when tested with a defined visualrating scale of 1 to 10 units, the visual performance of the eye at thenear visual distance is within two units of the visual performance ofthe eye fitted with an correctly prescribed single-vision lens at fardistance; (2) inputting the desired modifications to an ophthalmicsurgical system; and (3) applying the targeted modifications to the eyewith the ophthalmic surgical system. In certain applications, the visualperformance additionally provides substantially minimal ghosting to thevision of the eye at near, intermediate and far visual distances. Incertain applications, the substantially equivalent to or better visualperformance is determined at least in part by a visual rating scale of 1to 10 units.

Certain embodiments are directed to one or more methods of surgicalcorrection of vision to improve visual performance. For example, methodsof vision correction may comprise the steps of: (1) computing one ormore targeted modifications to an eye; wherein the modifications provideto the eye: at least one optical characteristic; wherein the at leastone optical characteristic comprises at least one aberration profile;the aberration profile comprises at least two spherical aberration termand a defocus term; and a visual performance at intermediate and farvisual distances, that is substantially equivalent to, or better than,the eye fitted with a correctly prescribed single-vision lens for farvisual distance; and wherein the visual performance is furthercharacterised by minimal ghosting to the vision of the eye at least atfar distance; (2) inputting the desired modifications to an ophthalmicsurgical system; and (3) applying the desired modifications to the eyewith the ophthalmic surgical system. In certain applications, theminimal ghosting is attaining a score of less than or equal to 2.4, 2.2,2, 1.8, 1.6 or 1.4 on the vision rating ghosting scale of 1 to 10 units.

Certain embodiments are directed to one or more devices and/or systemsfor the surgical correction of vision to improve visual performance. Forexample, a device and/or system for correcting vision of an eye maycomprise: (1) an input module; (2) a computation module; and (3) adelivery module; wherein the input module is configured to receive inputrelevant to the vision correction of the eye; the computation module isconfigured to compute one or more targeted modifications to the eye;wherein the modifications provides to the eye: at least one targetedrefractive power and at least one appropriate power profile; at leastone aberration profile, wherein the aberration profile being comprisedof at least two spherical aberration term and a defocus term; and avisual performance, along substantially continuous visual distances,including intermediate and far, wherein the visual performance of theeye along the substantially continuous visual distance is substantiallyequivalent to the visual performance of an eye wearing an correctlyprescribed single-vision lens for the far visual distance; and thedelivery module uses the computed targeted modifications to the eyecomputed by the computation module to deliver the targeted modificationsto the eye. In certain applications, the visual performance of the eyeis further characterised by minimal, or no, ghosting at near,intermediate and far visual distances.

In certain applications, the correctly prescribed single vision lensprovides a visual acuity for the eye that is the best-corrected visualacuity. In certain applications, the best-corrected visual acuity is avisual acuity that cannot be substantially improved by furthermanipulating the power of the correctly prescribed single vision lens.In certain applications, the aberration profile comprises three or morespherical aberration term and a defocus term. In certain applications,the delivery module may be an ophthalmic refractive surgical system suchas a femto-second laser.

Certain embodiments are directed to one or more devices and/or systemsfor the surgical correction of vision to improve visual performance. Forexample, a device and/or system for correcting vision of an eye maycomprise: (1) an input module; (2) a computation module; and (3) adelivery module; wherein the input module is configured to receive inputrelevant to the vision correction of the eye; the computation module isconfigured to compute one or more desired modifications to the eye;wherein the modifications provides to the eye: at least one opticalcharacteristic; wherein the at least one optical characteristiccomprises at least one aberration profile; the aberration profilecomprises at least two spherical aberration term and a defocus term; anda visual performance at intermediate and far visual distances that issubstantially equivalent to or better than the eye fitted with ancorrectly prescribed single-vision lens for far visual distance; andwhen tested with a defined visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units, thevisual performance of the eye at the near visual distance is within twounits of the visual performance of the eye fitted with an correctlyprescribed single-vision lens at far distance; the delivery moduleutilising desired modifications to the eye computed by the computationmodule to deliver the desired modifications to the eye.

In certain applications, the visual performance in addition, providesminimal ghosting to the vision of the eye at near, intermediate and farvisual distances. In certain applications, the substantially equivalentto or better visual performance is substantially determined at least inpart by a visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units. In certain applications,the delivery module is an ophthalmic refractive, surgical system such asa femto-second laser.

Certain embodiments are directed to one or more devices and/or systemsfor the surgical correction of vision to improve visual performance. Forexample, a device and/or system for correcting vision of an eye maycomprise: (1) an input module; (2) a computation module; and (3) adelivery module; wherein the input module is configured to receive inputrelevant to the vision correction of the eye; wherein the computationmodule is configured to compute one or more targeted modifications tothe eye; wherein the modifications provides to the eye: at least oneoptical characteristic; wherein the at least one optical characteristiccomprises at least one aberration profile; wherein the aberrationprofile comprises at least two spherical aberration terms and a defocusterm; and a visual performance at intermediate and far visual distances,that is substantially equivalent to, or better than, the eye fitted witha correctly prescribed single-vision lens for far visual distance; andwherein the visual performance is characterised by minimal ghosting tothe vision of the eye at least at far distance; and the delivery moduleutilising the computed targeted modifications to the eye computed by thecomputation module to deliver the desired modifications to the eye.

In certain applications, the minimal ghosting has a score of less thanor equal to 2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6 or 1.4 on the vision rating ghostingscale of 1 to 10 units. In certain applications, the delivery module isan ophthalmic refractive surgical system such as a, femto-second laser.

In certain embodiments, the lens is configured to provide visionsubstantially equivalent, or better, to distance vision corrected with acorrectly prescribed lens for the refractive error for distance across adioptric range of 0D to 2.5D or from infinity to 40 cm with minimalghosting for emmetropes, myopes, hyperopes and astigmats.

In certain applications, the lenses substantially correct the distancerefractive error; wherein the lens is configured to enable myopia to beslowed without the loss of vision as is usually associated withmultifocal contact lenses and provides excellent vision across thevisual field for example, 30 degrees nasal to 30 degrees temporal andalso allows the provision of lenses that give retinal image quality of0.4 or above for either a chosen focal distance or averaged across focaldistances from infinity to 40 cm with an average of 0.3 retinal imagequality. Such lenses when optimising retinal image quality provideexceptionally clear high contrast images at the chosen distances;wherein the lens provides exceptional image quality and visualperformance with minimal ghosting across the range of dioptric distancesfrom infinity to near for the correction of refractive errors andtreatment of presbyopia and myopia control; when tested with a definedoverall visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units, the multifocal lens isconfigured such that the overall visual performance of the multifocallens is substantially equivalent to or better than an correctlyprescribed single-vision lens for far visual distance.

In certain embodiments, the visual performance of a candidate eye, alonga range of substantially continuous visual distances, including near,intermediate and far distances, wherein the visual performance of themultifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the visualperformance of a correctly prescribed single-vision lens at the farvisual distance.

In certain embodiments, the term minimal ghosting may mean a lack of anundesired secondary image appearing at the image plane of the opticalsystem. In certain embodiments, the term minimal ghosting may be used torepresent an undesired secondary image appearing on the retina of theeye. Conversely, the term lack of ghosting may represent an undesireddouble image appearing on the retina of the eye. In certain embodiments,minimal ghosting may represent a lack of an undesired double imageperceived by the candidate eye. In other applications, minimal ghostingrepresents a lack of false out-of-focus image appearing along side ofthe primary image in an optical system.

Section 15 Exemplary Sets of Lens Designs which are SubstantiallyIndependent of Inherent Spherical Aberration of the Eye

The interactions between the inherent aberration profiles of thecandidate eyes and those of a selected combination of a design set mayhave a) an improved effect; b) degraded effect; or c) no substantialeffect on the objective and/or subjective optical and/or visualperformance.

The present disclosure provides embodiments directed to choosing betweena positive and/or negative phase of a particular combination ofaberration profile to be able to attain a specific goal for thecandidate eye. The specific goal for instance may be to change the slopeof through-focus RIQ in the direction that would favour theemmetropisation process for myopic or hyperopic eyes; or alternativelysimilar approach, or methods, may be used to mitigate the presbyopicsymptoms in alternative candidate eyes.

Certain embodiments are directed to a lens, device and/or method thatenables the designing of lenses which when applied to a candidate eyemay produce a visual performance that is substantially independent ofthe aberration profile of that candidate eye. Substantially independent,in certain applications, means that lenses may be designed that provideacceptable and/or similar performance on a plurality of candidate eyesthat are within the representative sample of the target populations.

In certain applications, methods to obtain a target TFRIQ include use ofa non-linear, unconstrained optimization routine and one or more othervariables. The variables selected for the non-linear, unconstrained,optimisation routine may include a chosen group of Zernike sphericalaberration coefficients, from C (2, 0) to C (20, 0) and one or moreother variables. The other variables, for example, may be aberrationprofiles of a representative sample of the target population.

Lenses may be designed by selecting an optimisation routine to evaluatea through-focus RIQ may include: a) a target TFRIQ; b) a target TFRIQwithin predefined bounds; or c) combination of a) and b). Iteration G1(FIG. 71) is one exemplary of a lens design whose visual performance isindependent of the inherent aberration profile of the candidate eye.

Table 13 provides the defocus term and the rest of combinations ofspherical aberration terms, denoted in Zernike coefficient's C(2,0) toC(20,0), that represents the exemplary design at 4, 5 and 6 mm opticzone or pupil diameter.

TABLE 13 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients, at4, 5 and 6 mm optic zone diameter, of an exemplary embodiment whoseperformance is substantially independent of the inherent sphericalaberration of the candidate eye for at least at 4 and 5 mm pupildiameters of the candidate eye. Iteration G1 At 4 mm At 5 mm At 6 mmC(2, 0) 0.442 0.558 0.47 C(4, 0) −0.103 −0.096 −0.241 C(6, 0) −0.0810.038 0.038 C(8, 0) 0.032 0.017 0.046 C(10, 0) 0.056 −0.086 0.043 C(12,0) −0.017 −0.027 0.057 C(14, 0) −0.023 0.053 −0.056 C(16, 0) 0.01 −0.005−0.053 C(18, 0) 0.004 −0.017 0.051 C(20, 0) −0.002 0.017 0.006

FIG. 72 shows a graph of the through focus performance of Iteration G1for a 4 mm pupil size, for a range of inherent spherical aberrationranging from −0.1 μm to +0.2 μm (and no other inherent aberrations).FIG. 73 shows the corresponding performance for a 5 mm pupil size. Forboth the through focus performance is relatively constant despitevariations in inherent spherical aberration. Accordingly, lenses ofIteration G1 lenses with aberration profiles of similar characteristicsmay be prescribed to a relatively large number of recipients in apopulation. The through focus performance of Iteration 01 for both 5 mmand 4 mm pupil sizes are shown in Tables 14, 15, 16 and 17 for inherentprimary spherical aberration of −0.10 μm, 0.00 μm, +0.10 μm and +0.20μm, respectively, all measured assuming a 5 mm pupil.

TABLE 14 The through focus performance of Iteration G1, for both 5 mmand 4 mm pupil sizes, on candidate eye with an inherent primaryspherical aberration C (4, 0) of −0.10 μm of the candidate eye measuredat 5 mm pupil. Defocus 4 mm 5 mm −2.5 0.00119886 0.003061423 −2.250.00095039 0.003806875 −2 0.001364417 0.005298066 −1.75 0.0017424060.006843299 −1.5 0.001679323 0.010835082 −1.25 0.00192035 0.01830825 −10.013520284 0.032178724 −0.75 0.065302521 0.060184893 −0.5 0.1739984960.121126561 −0.25 0.293118842 0.216544389 0 0.339358737 0.336047586 0.250.308917813 0.44319587 0.5 0.296642047 0.451905679 0.75 0.3479502080.378483458 1 0.408879749 0.322335542 1.25 0.427748471 0.304996424 1.50.37817358 0.291026543 1.75 0.269892513 0.249490988 2 0.1639019190.182309343 2.25 0.096322599 0.115370704 2.5 0.057024345 0.066978954

TABLE 15 The through focus performance of Iteration G1, for both 5 mmand 4 mm pupil sizes, on candidate eye with an inherent primaryspherical aberration C (4, 0) of 0.00 μm of the candidate eye measuredat 5 mm pupil. Defocus 4 mm 5 mm −2.5 0.002187878 0.004298075 −2.250.002540196 0.004586267 −2 0.003374035 0.005323423 −1.75 0.0039608120.006382736 −1.5 0.005219352 0.008271293 −1.25 0.006557495 0.014973531−1 0.011219528 0.0302146 −0.75 0.036451401 0.063248601 −0.5 0.1154506610.130914147 −0.25 0.267210472 0.245890777 0 0.423804424 0.360586104 0.250.46403645 0.436398077 0.5 0.39835734 0.491624785 0.75 0.3677347970.487505993 1 0.397654136 0.416666845 1.25 0.39125203 0.332643018 1.50.32027978 0.25244515 1.75 0.221249807 0.176653138 2 0.1319929930.109872181 2.25 0.074288941 0.062381228 2.5 0.040188833 0.0351223

TABLE 16 The through focus performance of Iteration G1, for both 5 mmand 4 mm pupil sizes, on candidate eye with an inherent primaryspherical aberration C (4, 0) of 0.10 μm of the candidate eye measuredat 5 mm pupil. Defocus 4 mm 5 mm −2.5 0.003390339 0.006013951 −2.250.004186307 0.006637962 −2 0.005762618 0.00779601 −1.75 0.0065759190.009656762 −1.5 0.008393696 0.014689142 −1.25 0.012657589 0.025629807−1 0.022035399 0.047996025 −0.75 0.046157477 0.090294111 −0.50.104516622 0.165591385 −0.25 0.236547956 0.27588147 0 0.4314208760.386563827 0.25 0.551884107 0.428024189 0.5 0.496190837 0.4389843150.75 0.386699104 0.49976799 1 0.363362176 0.494007104 1.25 0.3551161470.361435685 1.5 0.281805872 0.217793731 1.75 0.187900702 0.119838537 20.11184446 0.060218079 2.25 0.058787 0.029374264 2.5 0.0279322050.015204204

TABLE 17 The through focus performance of Iteration G1, for both 5 mmand 4 mm pupil sizes, on candidate eye with an inherent primaryspherical aberration C (4, 0) of 0.20 μm of the candidate eye measuredat 5 mm pupil. Defocus 4 mm 5 mm −2.5 0.004638912 0.007979577 −2.250.005633686 0.009519564 −2 0.007793299 0.012695114 −1.75 0.0092706160.018089081 −1.5 0.011895079 0.029157339 −1.25 0.019319329 0.048941178−1 0.035179393 0.079799998 −0.75 0.06730507 0.129064657 −0.5 0.1228639550.204557522 −0.25 0.230284041 0.30140315 0 0.408582384 0.384829646 0.250.560957635 0.41511762 0.5 0.546063168 0.392578625 0.75 0.4123528390.410254281 1 0.338981707 0.472977562 1.25 0.326435368 0.406675013 1.50.263875392 0.22704487 1.75 0.170102388 0.09758611 2 0.0989034450.039837893 2.25 0.049625854 0.014206731 2.5 0.020526457 0.003763349

Section 16 Exemplary Sets of Designs as Intra-Ocular Lenses

Aberration profiles may be used in intra-ocular lens applications,according to certain embodiments. For example, the aberration profile,and/or power profile, may be translated into an intra-ocular lenssurface profile, using one or more of the following parameters:thickness profile, power profile, aberration profile, front surface,back surface, diameter, and/or refractive index of the material. Thesurface profile is thereafter provided to a computer assisted or othermanufacturing process to produce the intra-ocular lens. The intra-ocularlens produced is configured based at least in part on the surfaceprofile and/or surface profiles generated. The lens power profile(Iteration J1) shown in FIG. 74 is a combination of Zernike higher orderspherical aberration terms. The power profile may be converted to anaxial thickness profile (FIG. 75) for an intra-ocular lens, taking intoaccount the refractive index of the intra-ocular lens material,according to certain embodiments. Here, the refractive index ofintra-ocular lens material is 1.475. Table 18 provides the defocus termand other combinations of spherical aberration terms, denoted in Zernikecoefficients C(2,0) to C(20,0), that represent an exemplary design of anintra-ocular lens (FIG. 74) at 4 and 5 mm optic zone diameter.

TABLE 18 Defocus and higher order spherical aberration coefficients, at4, and 5 mm optic zone diameter or pupil size, for one of the exemplaryembodiment of an intra-ocular lens design that provides an improvementin the through-focus optical and/or visual performance of the candidateeye. Iteration J1 Optic zone or Pupil size C(2,0) C(4,0) C(6,0) C(8,0)C(10,0) C(12,0) C(14,0) C(16,0) C(18,0) C(20,0) At 4 mm 12.060 −0.120−0.085 0.033 0.058 −0.018 −0.023 0.012 0.005 −0.003 At 5 mm 18.666−0.129 0.040 0.018 −0.089 −0.026 0.056 −0.006 −0.019 0.017

Section 17 Descriptors for Power Profiles with Use of a FourierTransform

Fourier transform methods may be used to characterise the power profilesof certain embodiments and in particular for certain bifocal ormultifocal designs. For example, FIG. 76 plots the power profiles for anumber of commercially available bifocal and multifocal lenses. FIG. 77plots the power profiles for a number of bifocal or multifocal lensesaccording to embodiments. FIG. 78 plots the Fourier transform of thepower profiles for the commercially available bifocal and multifocallenses of FIG. 76. FIG. 79 plots Fourier transforms of power profiles ofFIG. 77. For both FIGS. 78 and 79, the horizontal axis representsspatial frequency in cycles per millimeter (cycles/mm) and the verticalaxis plots the normalised absolute of the amplitude spectrum from thefast Fourier transform of the power profiles. In these figures,normalised means rescaling of each amplitude spectrum so that themaximum value for the absolute of an amplitude spectrum is rescaledto 1. For example, the normalised absolute of the amplitude spectrum maybe obtained by dividing the absolute of amplitude spectrum by themaximum value of the absolute of amplitude spectrum.

A comparison of FIGS. 78 and 79 illustrate differentiation betweencertain embodiments, and the plotted commercially available lenses, astheir normalised absolute amplitude of the Fourier transform of theirpower profiles has normalised absolute amplitude greater than 0.2 at oneor more spatial frequencies at or above 1.25 cycles per millimeter. Incontrast to the illustrated embodiments FIGS. 77 and 79, none of thecurrently available commercial lenses have normalised absolute amplitudegreater than 0.2 at one or more spatial frequencies at or above 1.25cycles per millimeter. Certain embodiments such as lenses, bifocallenses, and/or multifocal lenses may be characterised using Fouriertransform. For example, certain embodiments are directed to a lenscomprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces; wherein the lens ischaracterised by a power profile that has a normalised absoluteamplitude of the Fourier transform of the power profile that is greaterthan 0.2 at one or more spatial frequencies at or above 1.25 cycles permillimeter. In certain applications, the lens is configured with a powerprofile that has a normalised absolute amplitude of the Fouriertransform of the power profile that is greater than 0.2 at one or morespatial frequencies at or above 1.25 cycles per millimeter.

Section 18 Descriptors of Power Profiles Using First Derivatives or Rateof Change of Power

First derivatives methods may be used to characterise the power profilesof certain embodiments, and in particular, for certain bifocal ormultifocal designs. For example, FIG. 76 plots the power profiles for anumber of commercially available bifocal and multifocal lenses. FIG. 77plots the power profiles for a number of multifocal lenses according toembodiments. FIG. 80 plots the first derivative of the power profilesfor the commercially available bifocal and multifocal lenses of FIG. 76.FIG. 81 plots the first derivative of power profiles of FIG. 77. Forboth FIGS. 80 and 81, the horizontal axis represents half-chord of theoptic zone diameter and the vertical axis plots the absolute of thefirst derivative of the power profiles.

A comparison of FIGS. 80 and 81 illustrates differentiation betweencertain embodiments and the plotted commercially available lenses, asthe absolute of the first derivative of the power profiles of theillustrated embodiments have at least 5 peaks whose absolute amplitudeis greater than 0.025 with units of 1D per 0.01 mm. In contrast to theillustrated embodiments FIGS. 80 and 81, none of the currently availablecommercial lenses have at least 5 peaks with absolute first derivativegreater than 0.025 with units of 1D per 0.01 mm.

Certain embodiments such as lenses, bifocal lenses, and/or multifocallenses may be characterised using first derivative or rate of change ofpower. For example, certain embodiments are directed to a lenscomprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces; wherein the lens hasa power profile, the power profile is characterised such that theabsolute of a first derivative of the power profile has at least 5 peakswhose absolute amplitude is greater than 0.025 with units of 1D per 0.01mm along its half-chord. In certain applications, the at least one powerprofile is characterised such that the absolute of a first derivative ofthe power profile has at least 5 peaks whose absolute amplitude isgreater than 0.025 with units of 1D per 0.01 mm along its half-chord.

Section 19 Descriptors of Power Profiles with Use of Aperiodic Functions

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure have one or more powerprofiles that may be characterised by aperiodic functions over asubstantial portion of the half-chord optical zone of the lens. Certainembodiments are directed to lenses that are configured such that the atleast one power profile is aperiodic over a substantial portion of thehalf-chord optical zone of the lens. In general terms, an aperiodicfunction is defined as a function that is not periodic. A periodicfunction is a function that repeats or duplicates its values in regularintervals, often denoted as periods. For example, trigonometricfunctions (i.e. sine, cosine, secant, cosecant, tangent and cotangentfunctions) are periodic as their values are repeated over intervals of2πradians. A periodic function can also be defined as a function whosegraphical representation exhibits translational symmetry. A functionF(x) is said to be periodic with a period P (where P is a non-zeroconstant), if it satisfies the following condition: F(x+P)=F(x).

Section 20 Descriptors of Power Profiles with Use of Non-MonotonicFunctions

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure have one or more powerprofiles that may be characterised by non-monotonic functions over asubstantial portion of the half-chord optical zone of the lens. Certainembodiments are directed to lenses that are configured such that the atleast one power profile is non-monotonic over a substantial portion ofthe half-chord optical zone of the lens. In general terms, a ‘monotonic’or ‘monotone’ function is a function which either is substantiallynon-increasing or substantially non-decreasing. A function F(x) is saidto be non-increasing on an interval I of real numbers if: F(b)<=F(a) forall b>a; where a, b are real numbers and are a subset of I; A functionF(x) is said to be non-decreasing on an interval I of real numbers if:F(b)>=F(a) for all b>a; where a, b are real numbers and are a subset ofI.

Section 21 Descriptors of Power Profiles with Use of Non-Monotonic andAperiodic, Functions

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure have one or more powerprofiles that may be characterised by non-monotonic and aperiodicfunctions over a substantial portion of the half-chord optical zone ofthe lens. Certain embodiments are directed to lenses that are configuredsuch that the at least one power profile is non-monotonic and aperiodicover a substantial portion of the half-chord optical zone of the lens.In general, some functions may be both non-monotonic and aperiodic. Suchfunctions possess properties of both non-monotonic and aperiodicfunction as described herein.

Certain embodiments such as lenses, bifocal lenses, and/or multifocallenses may be characterised using aperiodic function, non-monotonicfunction, or combinations thereof. A lens comprising: an optical axis;at least two surfaces; wherein the lens has at least one power profile,the power profile is characterised by a function that is non-monotonic,aperiodic or combinations thereof over a substantial portion of thehalf-chord optical zone of the lens. In certain applications, the lensis configured with a power profile that is non-monotonic, aperiodic orcombinations thereof over a substantial portion of the half-chordoptical zone of the lens.

Section 22 Power Profile

As is apparent from a visual inspection of at least FIGS. 19, 20, 22-25,29, 31, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 56-60 and 68, certain embodiments have apower profile that has the following combination of characteristicsacross half-chord diameters:

-   -   (i) A power profile that has a moving average that either        increases with diameter and then decreases, or decreases with        diameter and then increases. For certain contact lens        embodiments, the moving average may be calculated over a window        of 1 mm from on-axis to about 4 mm. Accordingly, by way of        example, the average value may be calculated across the range of        on-axis to 1 mm, and recalculated at intervals selected from the        group of 0.2 mm, 0.4 mm or 0.6 mm.    -   (ii) A power profile that transitions between local minima and        maxima within a 1 mm change of radius at least 4 times across 4        mm of the half-chord. For example, referring to FIG. 22, the        power profile starts at a local maximum on-axis and transitions        to a local minimum at about 1 mm radius; the transitions between        local maxima and minima then occur at about 1.6 mm and about        2.3 mm. After that, the power profile may either have the next        local minima at about 2.9 mm, a local minimum at about 3.1 mm        and a local maximum at about 4 mm, or have the next local        maximum at about 4 mm. In some examples, the power profile        transitions at least 6 times across a 4 mm of the half-chord.        For example, referring to FIG. 24, there are two transitions in        the first 1 mm radius, two in the second 1 mm radius, and two        transitions in the region from 2 mm to 4 mm. In some examples        the power profile transitions at least 8 times across the 4 mm        radius range (for example FIG. 29) or at least 12 times across        the 4 mm radius range (for example FIG. 35) or at least 15 times        (for example FIG. 40).    -   (iii) The power profile transitions smoothly out to a radius        selected from the group of at least 3 mm, at least 3.5 mm and at        least 4 mm.

Accordingly, certain embodiments have a power profile with a combinationselected from the options within (i) and (ii) and (iii), which providesacceptable vision for at least a subset of a population. Theseembodiments may have application to myopia, hyperopia, and/orpresbyopia, with or without astigmatism. Other embodiments include acombination from the options described above in this section 22,together with one or more of:

-   -   (iv) The refractive power on-axis power differs from the        prescription power by at least about 0.7D (e.g. see FIG. 22), or        by at least about 1.5 D (e.g. see FIG. 38).    -   (v) The difference between the global maximum and global minimum        power is between approximately 1.5 to 2.5 times the difference        between any adjacent local minimum and local maximum within a        radius of about 2.5 mm. In other words, the global maximum and        global minimum are reached through a stepped change in power        profile, that itself transitions between local minima and local        maxima.

It is understood that, due to differences in aperture size, refractiveindex of the material and refractive index of the environment, thatcertain parameters may change for implementation across differentlenses, devices and methods. For example, the parameters may changebetween embodiments in the form of contact lenses and equivalentembodiments in the form of intraocular lenses.

Section 23 Clinical Performance of Some Exemplary Embodiments Comparedwith Commercially Available Single Vision, Bifocal and Multifocal SoftContact Lenses

In the following experimental clinical study, performance of fourexemplary embodiments described herein (manufactured into the form ofsoft contact lenses) were compared against seven commercially availablelenses including one single vision, one bifocal and five multifocalproducts whose details are provided in the table herein, Table 19. Thestudy was approved by ethics committee of Bellberry, South Australia.

Experimental Purpose:

The aim of the study was to assess the visual performance of fourmultifocal soft contact lenses, according to certain embodiments, andsix commercially available bifocal and multifocal lens designs.

Study Design:

The study design was a prospective, participant-masked, bilateral wear,cross-over clinical trial with a minimum overnight washout periodbetween the lens assessments. Lens wear duration was up to 2 hours.

Participant Selection:

Participants were included in the study if they met the followingcriterion:

-   -   a) Able to read and comprehend English and give informed consent        as demonstrated by signing a record of informed consent.    -   b) Be at least 18 years old, male or female (the results        reported herein are for participants over 45 years).    -   c) Willing to comply with the wearing and clinical trial visit        schedule as directed by the Investigator.    -   d) Have ocular health findings within normal limits which would        not prevent the participant from safely wearing contact lenses.    -   e) Is correctable to at least 6/6 (20/20) or better in each eye        with single vision contact lenses.    -   f) Have an astigmatism correction of −1.5 D or less.    -   g) Be experienced or inexperienced at wearing contact lenses.        Participants were excluded from the study if they had one or        more of the following conditions:    -   a) Pre-existing ocular irritation, injury or condition        (including infection or disease) of the cornea, conjunctiva or        eyelids that would preclude contact lens fitting and safe        wearing of contact lenses.    -   b) Systemic disease that adversely affected ocular health e.g.        diabetes, Graves disease, and auto immune diseases such as        ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, Sjögrens syndrome        and systemic lupus erythematosus. Note: Conditions such as        systemic hypertension and arthritis would not automatically        exclude prospective participants.    -   c) Use of or a need for concurrent category S3 and above ocular        medications at enrolment and/or during the clinical trial.    -   d) Use of or a need for systemic medication and/or topical        medications which may alter normal ocular findings and/or are        known to affect a participant's ocular health and/or physiology        or contact lens performance either in an adverse or beneficial        manner at enrolment and/or during the clinical trial.    -   e) NB: Systemic antihistamines are allowed on an “as needed        basis”, provided they are not used prophylactically during the        trial and at least 24 hours before the clinical trial product is        used.    -   f) Eye surgery within 12 weeks immediately prior to enrolment        for this trial.    -   g) Previous corneal refractive surgery.    -   h) Contraindications to contact lens wear.    -   i) Known allergy or intolerance to the ingredients of the        clinical trial products.    -   j) The investigators excluded anyone who they believe may not be        able to fulfil the clinical trial requirements.        Methods:        For each fitting visit, lenses were fitted bilaterally. After        allowing for the lenses to settle, lens performance was assessed        including:

1. Visual Acuity

-   -   a. Log MAR charts were used to obtain measurements for vision at        distance under high illumination conditions    -   b. High contrast visual acuity at 6 meters    -   c. Low contrast visual acuity at 6 meters    -   d. Contrast sensitivity using a Pelli-Robson equivalent chart        (using Thomson software) equivalent at 6 meters, the text was        kept constant at 6/12 letter size while the contrast was reduced        as a logarithmic function.    -   e. Hanks near point chart was used to measure visual acuity at        70 cm (intermediate vision), at 50 cm and 40 cm (near vision)        under high illumination conditions. As the Hanks near point        chart was designed to be used at 40 cm near, the visual acuity        equivalents for 50 cm and 70 cm were calculated. Both        intermediate and near visual acuity results were converted to        equivalent log MAR

TABLE 19 List of the lenses used in the clinical study Contact Mode ofLenses Wear Base Lens (Marketed in in this Power Diameter Curve CodeAustralia as) Manufacturer Material Trial (D) (mm) (mm) Lens AirOptix ®Alcon (USA) Lotrafilcon Daily +4.00D to 14.2 8.6 A Aqua Single B wear−10.00 vision Lens Air Optix ® CIBA VISION Lotrafilcon Daily +6.00D to14.2 8.6 B Aqua (USA) B Wear −1.00D Multifocal Low/Med/High LensACUVUE ® J&J (USA) Etafilcon A Daily +6.00D to 14.2 8.5 C Bifocal Wear−9.00D +1.50/+2.50D Lens Proclear ® Cooper Vision Omafilcon Daily +4.00Dto 14.4 8.5 to D Multifocal— (USA) A wear −10.00D 8.7 Distance Low/Highdesign Lens Proclear ® Cooper Vision Omafilcon Daily +4.00D to 14.4 8.5to E Multifocal— (USA) A wear −10.00D 8.7 Near design Low/High LensPureVision ® Bausch & Balafilcon Daily +6.00D to 14.0 8.6 F multifocalLomb (USA) A wear −10.00D Low/High Lens CLARITI ® 1 Sauflon (UK) FilconII Daily +5.00D to 14.1 8.6 G Day multifocal wear −6.00 multifocalLow/High Lens Prototype 1 Lathe Hioxifilcon Daily +4.00D to 13.5 8.1 toH Manufactured A/B/D wear −10.00D to 14.5 8.7 Lens Prototype 2 LatheHioxifilcon Daily +4.00D to 13.5 8.1 to I Manufactured A/B/D wear−10.00D to 14.5 8.7 Lens Prototype 3 Lathe Hioxifilcon Daily +4.00D to13.5 8.1 to J Manufactured A/B/D wear −10.00D to 14.5 8.7 Lens Prototype4 Lathe Hioxifilcon Daily +4.00D to 13.5 8.1 to K Manufactured A/B/Dwear −10.00D to 14.5 8.7Subjective Response Questionnaire:1. Quality of distance, intermediate and near vision on a visualanalogue scale of 1 to 10.2. Rating of distance and near ghosting on a ghosting analogue scale of1 to 10.3. Overall rating of vision performance on a visual analogue scale of 1to 10.

FIGS. 82 to 108 show the subjective and objective results obtained fromthe clinical study. The distance, intermediate, near and over all visionratings were measured on a visual analogue scale ranging from 1 to 10 insteps of 1, where 1 represented blurred and/or hazy vision and 10represented clear and/or sharp vision. The ghosting vision rating atdistance and near were measured on a ghosting visual analogue scaleranging from 1 to 10 in steps of 1, where 1 represented no ghostingand/or doubling and 10 represented extreme ghosting and/or doubling. Thelack of ghosting was calculated by subtracting ghosting score from 11points. Cumulative vision results were obtained by averaging thedistance, intermediate and near vision results. Cumulative ghostingresults were obtained by averaging the ghosting at distance and neardistances.

Other exemplary embodiments are described in the following sets ofexamples A to K:

Example Set A

-   (A1) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an    aberration profile about its optical axis, the aberration profile:    having a focal distance; and including higher order aberrations    having at least one of a primary spherical aberration component    C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0), herein    the aberration profile provides, for a model eye with no    aberrations, or substantially no, aberrations, and an on-axis length    equal to, or substantial equal to, the focal distance: a retinal    image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that degrades in a    direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3 wherein the RIQ    is Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis    for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a    spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive.-   (A2) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an    aberration profile about its optical axis, the aberration profile:    having a focal distance; and including higher order aberrations    having at least one of a primary spherical aberration component    C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0), herein    the aberration profile provides, for a model eye with no aberrations    and an on-axis length equal to the focal distance: a retinal image    quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that degrades in a    direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3 wherein the RIQ    is Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis    for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a    spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive.-   (A3) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis, a focal    distance and being characterised by: an aberration profile about the    lens's Optical axis, the aberration profile: including higher order    aberrations having at least one of a primary spherical aberration    component C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component    C(6,0), herein the aberration profile provides, for a model eye with    no aberrations, or substantially no, aberrations, and an on-axis    length equal to, or substantial equal to, the focal distance: a    retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that degrades    in a direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3, wherein the    RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical    axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over    a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at    a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive.-   (A4) A lens for an eye, the lens having at least one optical axis    and at least one optical profile substantially about the at least    one optical axis, the optical profile: having at least one focal    distance; and including one or more higher order aberrations,    wherein the profile provides, for a model eye with substantially no    aberrations an on-axis length equal to, or substantially equal to,    the desired focal distance; a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a    through focus slope that improves in a direction of eye growth; and    a RIQ of at least 0:3; wherein the RIQ is measured substantially    along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range    3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30    cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the    range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (A5) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an    aberration profile about its optical axis, the aberration profile:    having a focal distance; and including higher order aberrations    having at least one of a primary spherical aberration component    C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0), herein    the aberration profile provides, for a model eye with no    aberrations, or substantially no, aberrations, and an on-axis length    equal to, or substantial equal to, the focal distance: a retinal    image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that improves in a    direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3, wherein the RIQ    is Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis    for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a    spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive.-   (A6) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an    aberration profile about its optical axis, the aberration profile:    having a focal distance; and including higher order aberrations    having at least one of a primary spherical aberration component    C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0), herein    the aberration profile provides, for a model eye with no aberrations    and an on-axis length equal to the focal distance: a retinal image    quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that improves in a    direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3, wherein the RIQ    is Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis    for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a    spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive.-   (A7) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis, a focal    distance and being characterised by: an aberration profile about the    lens's optical axis, the aberration profile: including higher order    aberrations having at least one of a primary spherical aberration    component C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component    C(6,0), herein the aberration profile provides, for a model eye with    no aberrations, or substantially no, aberrations, and an on-axis    length equal to, or substantial equal to, the focal distance: a    retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that improves    in a direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3, wherein the    RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical    axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over    a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at    a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive.-   (A8) A lens for an eye, the lens having at least one optical axis    and at least one optical profile substantially about the at least    one optical axis, the optical profile: having at least one focal    distance; and including one or more higher order aberrations,    wherein the profile provides, for a model eye with substantially no    aberrations an on-axis length equal to, or substantially equal to,    the desired focal distance; a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a    through focus slope that improves in a direction of eye growth; and    a RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is measured substantially    along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range    3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30    cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the    range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (A9) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the focal distance    is a prescription focal distance for a myopic eye and wherein the    focal distance differs from the focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike    coefficient of the aberration profile.-   (A10) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the focal distance    is a prescription focal distance for a hyperopic eye and wherein the    focal distance differs from the focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike    coefficient of the aberration profile.-   (A11) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected    from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (A12) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (A13) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least four spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (A14) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (A15) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least six spherical aberration terms selected    from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (A16) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least seven spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (A17) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the magnitude of    higher order aberrations included is at least 0.01 um over a 4 mm, 5    mm or 6 mm pupil diameter-   (A18) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the magnitude of    higher order aberrations included is at least 0.02 um over a 4 mm, 5    mm or 6 mm pupil diameter-   (A19) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the magnitude of    higher order aberrations included is at least 0.03 um over a 4 mm, 5    mm or 6 mm pupil diameter-   (A20) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the magnitude of    higher order aberrations included is at least 0.04 um over a 4 mm, 5    mm or 6 mm pupil diameter-   (A21) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the magnitude of    higher order aberrations included is at least 0.05 um over a 4 mm, 5    mm or 6 mm pupil diameter-   (A22) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the average slope    over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a    direction of eye growth.-   (A23) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the average slope    over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in the    direction of eye growth.-   (A24) The lens of one or, more A examples, wherein the slope for a    substantial portion of the field angles over a horizontal field of    at least −20° to +20° degrades in the direction of eye growth.-   (A25) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the slope for a    substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical field of at    least −20° to +20° degrades in the direction of eye growth.-   (A26) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides a RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal length for a    substantial portion of the pupil diameters in the range 3 mm to 6    mm.-   (A27) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides a RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal length for a    substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 4 mm to 5 mm.-   (A28) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides a RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in    the direction of eye growth when primary astigmatism is added to the    aberration profile.-   (A29) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides a RIQ with a through focus slope that improves in    the direction of eye growth when primary astigmatism is added to the    aberration profile.-   (A30) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides a RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in    the direction of eye growth when secondary astigmatism is added to    the aberration profile.-   (A31) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides a RIQ with a through focus slope that improves in    the direction of eye growth when secondary astigmatism is added to    the aberration profile.-   (A32) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the RIQ is, or is    characterised by:

${RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}$ ${{RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( \left\lbrack {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack}^{2} \right) \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( \left\lbrack {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack}^{2} \right) \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}},$

wherein:

-   -   Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30 cycles/degree;    -   CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity function,    -   CSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e^(−(0.114f)^1.1),    -   where f specifies the tested spatial frequency, in the range of        F_(min) to F_(max);    -   FT denotes a 2D fast Fourier transform;    -   A(ρ,θ) denotes the pupil diameter;    -   W(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the test case measured for i=1        to 20;

${W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}$

-   -   Wdiff(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited        case;    -   ρ and θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the        radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or        azimuth; and    -   λ denotes wavelength.

-   (A33) A lens including an optical axis and an aberration profile    about the optical axis that provides: a focal distance for a C(2,0)    Zernike coefficient term; a peak Visual Strehl Ratio (‘first Visual    Strehl Ratio’) within a through focus range, and a Visual Strehl    Ratio that remains at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range that includes said focal distance, wherein the    Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for a model eye with no, or    substantially no, aberration and is measured along the optical axis    for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over a    spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive, and wherein the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least    0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the through    focus range is at least 1.8 Dioptres.

-   (A34) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.4.

-   (A35) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.5.

-   (A36) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.6.

-   (A37) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.7.

-   (A38) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.8.

-   (A39) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the second Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 or 0.2.

-   (A40) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the through focus    range is at least 1.8 Dioptres.

-   (A41) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the through focus    range′ is at least 1.9 Dioptres.

-   (A42) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the through focus    range is at least 2 Dioptres.

-   (A43) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the through focus    range is at least 2.1 Dioptres.

-   (A44) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the through focus    range is at least 2.25 Dioptres.

-   (A45) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the through focus    range is at least 2.5 Dioptres.

-   (A46) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the lens has a    prescription focal distance located within 0.75 Dioptres of an end    of the through focus range.

-   (A47) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the lens has a    prescription focal distance located within 0.5 Dioptres of an end of    the through focus range.

-   (A48) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the lens has a    prescription focal distance located within 0.3 Dioptres of an end of    the through focus range.

-   (A49) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the lens has a    prescription focal distance located within 0.25 Dioptres of an end    of the through focus range.

-   (A50) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the end of the    through focus range is the negative power end.

-   (A51) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the end of the    through focus range is the positive power end.

-   (A52) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the Visual Strehl    Ratio remains at or above the second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range and over a range of pupil diameters of at least    1 mm.

-   (A53) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the Visual Strehl    Ratio remains at or above the second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range and over a range of pupil diameters of at least    1.5 mm.

-   (A54) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the Visual Strehl    Ratio remains at or above the second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range and over a range of pupil diameters of at least    2 mm.

-   (A55) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the combination of    higher order aberrations includes at least one of primary spherical    aberration and secondary spherical aberration.

-   (A56) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected    from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (A57) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (A58) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (A59) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the aberration    profile is substantially described using only spherical aberration    Zernike coefficients C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (A60) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the RIQ for every    field angle over a horizontal field of at least −10° to +10° is at    least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4.

-   (A61) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the RIQ for every    field angle over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° is at    least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4.

-   (A62) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the RIQ for every    field angle over a horizontal field of at least −30° to +30° is at    least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4.

-   (A63) The lens of one or more A examples, wherein the lens does not    substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the lens.

-   (A64) A method for a presbyopic eye, the method comprising    identifying at least one wavefront aberration profile for the eye,    the at least one wavefront aberration profile including at least two    spherical aberration terms, wherein the prescription focal distance    of the lens is determined taking into account said at least one    spherical aberration and wherein the prescription focal distance of    the lens is at least +0.25D relative to a focal distance for a    C(2,0) Zernike coefficient term of the at least one wavefront    aberration and producing one or more of the following: a device,    lens and corneal profile for the eye to affect said at least one    wavefront aberration profile.

-   (A65) A method for a myopic or emmetropic eye, the method comprising    forming an aberration for the eye and applying or prescribing the    aberration profile, the aberration profile: having a focal distance;    and including at least one of a primary spherical aberration    component C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component    C(6,0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for the eye: a    retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that degrades    in a direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein    said RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for    at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a    spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive.

-   (A66) A method for a hyperopic eye, the method comprising forming an    aberration for the eye and applying or prescribing the aberration    profile, the aberration profile: having a focal distance; and    including at least one of a primary spherical aberration component    C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0),    wherein the aberration profile provides, for the eye: a retinal    image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that improves in a    direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein said RIQ    is Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least    one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial    frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive.

-   (A67) The method of one or more A examples, wherein applying or    prescribing the aberration profile comprises providing a lens, the    lens having an aberration profile including at least two spherical    aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (A68) The method of one or more A examples, wherein applying or    prescribing the aberration profile comprises providing a lens, the    lens having an aberration profile including at least three spherical    aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (A69) The method of one or more A examples, wherein applying or    prescribing the aberration profile comprises providing a lens, the    lens having an aberration profile including at least five spherical    aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (A70) A method for a myopic eye, the method comprising identifying a    wavefront aberration profile for the eye and applying or prescribing    the aberration profile, the wavefront aberration profile including    at least two spherical aberration terms, wherein the prescription    focal distance of the lens is determined taking into account said    spherical aberration and wherein the prescription focal distance is    at least +0.1D relative to a focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike    coefficient term of the wavefront aberration profile and wherein the    wavefront aberration profile provides a degrading retinal image    quality in the direction posterior to the retina.

-   (A71) A method for a hyperopic eye, the method comprising    identifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eye and applying    or prescribing the aberration profile, the wavefront aberration    profile including at least two spherical aberration terms, wherein    the prescription focal distance of the lens is determined taking    into account said spherical aberration and wherein the prescription    focal distance is at least +0.1D relative to a focal distance for a    C(2,0) Zernike coefficient term of the wavefront aberration profile    and wherein the wavefront aberration profile provides a improving    retinal image quality in the direction posterior to the retina.

-   (A72) The method of one or more A examples, wherein the prescription    focal distance is at least +0.1D relative to a focal distance for a    C(2,0) Zernike coefficient term of the wavefront aberration profile.

-   (A73) A method for a hyperopic eye, the method comprising    identifying a wavefront aberration profile for the eye and applying    or prescribing the aberration profile, the wavefront aberration    profile including at least two spherical aberration terms, wherein    the prescription focal distance of the lens is determined taking    into account said spherical aberration and wherein at the    prescription focal distance the wavefront aberration profile    provides an improving retinal image quality in the direction    posterior to the retina.

-   (A74) The method of one or more A examples, wherein the lens does    not substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the    lens.

Example Set B

-   (B1) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; an effective    near additional power of at least 1D; the optical properties of the    multifocal lens are configured with an aberration profile associated    with the optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of a    defocus term and at least two spherical aberration term; and the    multifocal lens is configured to provide a visual performance over    intermediate and far distances that is at least substantially    equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly prescribed    single-vision lens at the far visual distance; and is configured to    provide minimal ghosting at far, intermediate and near distances.-   (B2) The multifocal lens of one or more B claims, wherein the lens    is configured to provide near visual acuity of at least 6/6 in    individuals that can achieve 6/6 visual acuity.-   (B3) The multifocal lens of one or more B claims, wherein the lens    is configured to provide at least acceptable visual performance at    near distances.-   (B4) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; an effective    near additional power of at least 0.75D; the optical properties of    the multifocal lens are configured or described based at least in    part on an aberration profile associated with the optical axis; the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two    spherical aberration terms; and the multifocal lens is configured to    provide a visual performance, along a range of substantially    continuous near visual distances, wherein the visual performance of    the multifocal lens is at least substantially equivalent to the    visual performance of a correctly prescribed single-vision lens at    the far visual distance, the multifocal lens is configured to    provide a visual performance, along a range of substantially    continuous intermediate and far visual distances, wherein the visual    performance of the multifocal lens is at least substantially    equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly prescribed    single-vision lens at the far visual distance.-   (B5) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described based    at least in part on an aberration profile associated with the    optical axis; wherein the aberration profile is comprised of a    defocus term and at least two spherical aberration terms; and    wherein the multifocal lens is configured to provide a visual    performance, along a range of substantially continuous visual    distances, including near, intermediate and far distances, wherein    the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least    substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly    prescribed single-vision lens at the far visual distance.-   (B6) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described based    at least in part on an aberration profile associated with the    optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term    and at least two spherical aberration terms; and the multifocal lens    is configured to provide a visual performance, along substantially    continuous visual distances, including substantially near distances,    substantially intermediate distances, and substantially far    distances, wherein the visual performance of the multifocal lens is    at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance of an    appropriately prescribed single-vision lens at the far visual    distance.-   (B7) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described based    on an aberration profile associated with the optical axis; the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two    aberration terms; and the multifocal lens is configured to provide a    visual performance, along a range of visual distances, including    near, intermediate and far distances, wherein the visual performance    of the lens is at least equivalent to the visual performance of a    single-vision lens at the far visual distance.-   (B8) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described based    on an aberration profile associated with the optical axis; wherein    the aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least    two aberration terms; and wherein the multifocal lens is configured    to provide a visual performance, along a range of visual distances,    including near, intermediate and far distances, wherein the visual    performance of the lens is at least equivalent to the visual    performance of a single-vision lens at the far visual distance.-   (B9) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described based    at least in part on an aberration profile associated with the    optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term,    at least two spherical aberration term and at least one asymmetric    term; and the multifocal lens is configured to provide a visual    performance, along a range of substantially continuous visual    distances, including near, intermediate and far distances, wherein    the visual performance of the multifocal lens is at least    substantially equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly    prescribed single-vision lens at the far visual distance.-   (B10) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described based    on an aberration profile associated with the optical axis; the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two    spherical aberration terms; and the multifocal lens is configured to    provide a visual performance over intermediate and far distances    that is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance    of a correctly prescribed single-vision lens at the far visual    distance; and is configured to provide minimal ghosting at far,    intermediate and near distances-   (B11) A multifocal lens for correction of presbyopia comprising: an    optical axis; the optical properties of the multifocal lens are    configured or described based on an aberration profile associated    with the optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of a    defocus terms, at least two spherical aberration terms and at least    one asymmetric aberration term; and the multifocal lens is    configured to provide a visual performance over intermediate and far    distances that is at least substantially equivalent to the visual    performance of a correctly prescribed single-vision lens at the far    visual distance; and is configured to provide minimal ghosting at    far, intermediate and near distances-   (B12) A multifocal lens for correction of presbyopia comprising: an    optical axis; combinations of one more areas of different focal    powers; and the optical properties of the multifocal lens is    configured to provide a visual performance for a presbyopic eye over    intermediate and far distances that is at least substantially    equivalent to the visual performance of a correctly prescribed    single-vision lens at the far visual distance; and is configured to    provide minimal ghosting at far, intermediate and near distances-   (B13) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens is characterised at least in part    on an aberration profile associated with the optical axis; the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two    spherical aberration term; and the multifocal lens is configured to    provide a visual performance over intermediate and far distances    that is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance    of a correctly prescribed single-vision lens at the far visual    distance; and is configured to provide minimal ghosting at far,    intermediate and near distances-   (B14) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described based    at least in part on an aberration profile associated with the    optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term    and at least two spherical aberration terms; and the multifocal lens    is configured to provide a visual performance over intermediate and    far distances that is at least substantially equivalent to the    visual performance of a prescribed single-vision lens at the far    visual distance; and is configured to provide minimal ghosting at    far, intermediate and near distances.-   (B15) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens are configured based on an    aberration profile associated with the optical axis of the lens; the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two    spherical aberration terms; and the multifocal lens is configured to    provide a visual performance over intermediate and far distances    that is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance    of a correctly prescribed single-vision lens at the far visual    distance; and is configured to provide minimal ghosting at far,    intermediate and near distances.-   (B16) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens being characterised based on an    aberration profile associated with the optical axis of the lens; the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two    spherical aberration terms; and the multifocal lens is configured to    provide a visual performance over intermediate and far distances    that is at least substantially equivalent to the visual performance    of a effectively prescribed single-vision lens at the far visual    distance; and is configured to provide minimal ghosting at far,    intermediate and near distances.-   (B17) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens does not substantially reduce the amount of light passing    through the lens.-   (B18) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    amount of light passing through the lens is at least 80%, 85%, 90%,    95% or 99%.-   (B19) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    single-vision lens is one or more of the following: prescribed,    appropriately prescribed, correctly prescribed and effectively    prescribed.-   (B20) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    single-vision lens is a lens with a substantially constant power    across a substantial portion of an optic zone of the single-vision    lens.-   (B21) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    single-vision lens is a lens with a constant power across a portion    of an optic zone of the single-vision lens.-   (B22) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    single-vision lens is a lens with a substantially constant power    across, a portion of one or more optic zones of the single-vision    lens.-   (B23) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is used for a presbyopic eye.-   (B24) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens is configured for a presbyopic eye.-   (B25) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens is configured to optically correct or substantially correct    presbyopia.-   (B26) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens is configured to mitigate or substantially mitigate the optical    consequences of presbyopia.-   (B27) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens is configured to alter or substantially alter a presbyopic    condition to a non-presbyopic condition.-   (B28) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is used for at least correcting a presbyopic eye    condition and when used provides an appropriate correction to adjust    the vision of the user towards substantially normal non-presbyopic    vision.-   (B29) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein normal    vision is 6/6 or better.-   (B30) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further characterised by minimal, substantially    no or no, ghosting at near, intermediate and far distances.-   (B31) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further characterised by minimal, substantially    no or no, ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances and far    distances.-   (B32) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide minimal,    substantially no or no, ghosting at near, intermediate and far    distances.-   (B33) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    minimal ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing    at the image plane of the optical system.-   (B34) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    minimal ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing    on the retina of the eye.-   (B35) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    minimal ghosting is a lack of an undesired double image appearing on    the retina of the eye.-   (B36) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    minimal ghosting is a lack of false out-of-focus image appearing    along side of the primary image in an optical system.-   (B37) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide a sufficient lack    of ghosting in a portion of near, intermediate and far distances.-   (B38) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide a sufficient lack    of ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances and far    distances.-   (B39) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide a sufficient lack    of ghosting in a portion of two or more of the following: near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (B40) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein lack of    ghosting is lack of undesired image appearing at the image plane of    the optical system.-   (B41) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein lack of    ghosting is a lack of false out of focus images appearing along side    of the primary image in an optical system.-   (B42) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide a sufficient lack    of ghosting in a portion of two or more of the following: near    distances, intermediate distances and far distances.-   (B43) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide the RIQ of at least    0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the near distance range, the    RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the    intermediate distance range and the RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4,    0.42, 0.45, 0.47, or 0.5 in the far distance range.-   (B44) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide two or more of the    following: the RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25    in the near distance range, the RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33,    0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the intermediate distance range and the RIQ of    at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47, or 0.5 in the far    distance range.-   (B45) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    RIQs are selected in the near, intermediate and far distance ranges    such that the multifocal lens is configured to provide minimal, or    no, ghosting in near, intermediate and far distances.-   (B46) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or    substantially reduce, ghosting at near, intermediate and far    distances.-   (B47) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or    substantially reduce, ghosting at near distances, intermediate    distances and far distances.-   (B48) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm;    intermediate distance is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80    cm or 50 cm to 70 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or    greater, 80 cm or greater or 70 cm or greater.-   (B49) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm;    intermediate distance is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80    cm or 50 cm to 70 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or    greater, 80 cm or greater or 70 cm or greater and the near,    intermediate and far distances are determined by the distance from    the object being focused on.-   (B50) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is    the range of 50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100    cm or greater.-   (B51) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is    the range of 50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100    cm or greater and the near, intermediate and far distances are    determined by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (B52) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is    the range of 50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100    cm to optical infinity.-   (B53) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is    the range of 50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100    cm to optical infinity and the near, intermediate and far distances    are determined by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (B54) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is configured to minimise, or reduce, ghosting at    near, intermediate and far distances when used on an eye.-   (B55) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is configured to minimise, or reduce, ghosting at    near distances, intermediate distances and far distances when used    on an eye.-   (B56) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    range of substantially continuous distances is continuous.-   (B57) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    range of substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes    from 40 cm to optical infinity.-   (B58) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    range of substantially continuous distances is from 33 cm to optical    infinity.-   (B59) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens is configured such that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a    randomly selected group of 15 affected individuals in the near    distances, intermediate distances and far distances perceive    minimal, or no, ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances    and far distances.-   (B60) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens is configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a    randomly selected group of 15 affected individuals in the    intermediate distances and far distances perceive minimal, or no,    ghosting at intermediate distances and far distances.-   (B61) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    single vision lens provides a visual acuity for the user of one or    more of the following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least    20/40, at least about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about    20/40, at far visual distances.-   (B62) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two,    two or more, three, three or more, four, four or more, five, five or    more, six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more,    nine, nine or more, ten, or ten or more spherical aberration terms.-   (B63) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two,    three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or at least ten    spherical aberration terms.-   (B64) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and spherical    aberration terms between C(4,0) and C(6,0), C(4,0) and C(8,0),    C(4,0) and C(10,0), C(4,0) and C(12,0), C(4,0) and C(14,0), C(4,0)    and C(16,0), C(4,0) and C(18,0), or C(4,0) and C(20,0).-   (B65) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    single vision lens provides a visual acuity that is the    best-corrected visual acuity.-   (B66) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    best-corrected visual acuity is a visual acuity that cannot be    substantially improved by further manipulating the power of the    single vision lens.-   (B67) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens has two optical surfaces.-   (B68) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    least one aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.-   (B69) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens has a focal distance.-   (B70) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile includes higher order aberrations having at least    one of a primary spherical aberration component C(4,0) and a    secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0).-   (B71) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides, for a model eye with no, or    substantially no, aberrations and an on-axis length equal to the    focal distance: the retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus    slope that degrades in a direction of eye growth; and the RIQ of at    least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the    optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6    mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm    to 590 nm inclusive.-   (B72) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides, for a model eye with no, or    substantially no, aberrations and an on-axis length equal to the    focal distance: the retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus    slope that improves in a direction of eye growth; and the RIQ of at    least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the    optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6    mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm    to 590 nm inclusive.-   (B73) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens has an optical axis and an aberration profile about its optical    axis, the aberration profile: having a focal distance; and including    higher order aberrations having at least one of a primary spherical    aberration component C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration    component C(6,0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for a    model eye with no, or substantially no, aberrations and an on-axis    length equal, or substantially equal, to the focal distance: the RIQ    with a through focus slope that degrades in a direction of eye    growth; and the RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual    Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (B74) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens has an optical axis and an aberration profile about its optical    axis, the aberration profile: having a focal distance; and including    higher order aberrations having at least one of a primary spherical    aberration component C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration    component C(6,0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for a    model eye with no, or substantially no, aberrations and an on-axis    length equal, or substantially equal, to the focal distance: the RIQ    with a through focus slope that improves in a direction of eye    growth; and the RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual    Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (B75) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    focal distance is a prescription focal distance for a myopic,    hyperopic, astigmatic, and/or presbyopic eye and wherein the focal    distance differs from the focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike    coefficient of the aberration profile.-   (B76) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    higher order aberrations include at least two spherical aberration    terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (B77) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    higher order aberrations include at least three spherical aberration    terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (B78) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    higher order aberrations include at least five spherical aberration    terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (B79) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    average slope over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20°    degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (B80) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    average slope over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20°    improves in a direction of eye growth.-   (B81) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    average slope over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20°    degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (B82) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    average slope over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20°    improves in a direction of eye growth.-   (B83) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    slope for a substantial portion of the field angles over a    horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of    eye growth.-   (B84) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    substantial portion of the field angles over a horizontal field is    at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the field angles.-   (B85) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    substantial portion of the field angles over a horizontal field is    every field angle.-   (B86) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    slope for a substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical    field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye    growth.-   (B87) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical field is    every angle.-   (B88) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical field is at    least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the field angles.-   (B89) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal    length for a substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 3    mm to 6 mm.-   (B90) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal    length for a substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 4    mm to 5 mm.-   (B91) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that    degrades in a direction of eye growth when primary or secondary    astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.-   (B92) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that    improves in a direction of eye growth when primary or secondary    astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.-   (B93) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    primary or secondary astigmatism is added to the desired aberration    profile by altering one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2),    C(2,2), C(4,−2), C(4,2), C(6,−2), and/or C(6,2).-   (B94) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that    degrades in a direction of eye growth when secondary astigmatism is    added to the aberration profile.-   (B95) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    secondary astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by    altering one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2), C(2,2),    C(4,−2), C(4,2), C(6,−2), and/or C(6,2).-   (B96) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the RIQ    is characterised by

${RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}$ ${{RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( \left\lbrack {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack}^{2} \right) \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( \left\lbrack {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack}^{2} \right) \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}},$

wherein:

-   -   Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30 cycles/degree;    -   CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity function,    -   CSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e^(−(0.114f)^1.1),    -   where f specifies the tested spatial frequency, in the range of        F_(min) to F_(max);    -   FT denotes a 2D fast Fourier transform;    -   A(ρ,θ) denotes the pupil diameter;    -   W(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the test case measured for i=1        to 20

${{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}};$

-   -   Wdiff(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited        case;    -   ρ and θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the        radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or        azimuth; and    -   λ denotes wavelength.

-   (B97) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens includes an optical axis and an aberration profile    along the optical axis that provides: a focal distance for a C(2,0)    Zernike coefficient term; a peak Visual Strehl Ratio (‘first Visual    Strehl Ratio’) within a through focus range, and a Visual Strehl    Ratio that remains at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range that includes said focal distance, wherein the    Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for a model eye with no, or    substantially no, aberration and is measured along the optical axis    for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over a    spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive, and wherein the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least    0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the through    focus range is at least 1.8 Dioptres.

-   (B98) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    multifocal lens includes an optical axis and an aberration profile    along the optical axis that provides: a focal distance for a C(2,0)    Zernike coefficient term; a peak Visual Strehl Ratio (‘first Visual    Strehl Ratio’) within a through focus range, and a Visual Strehl    Ratio that remains at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range that includes said focal distance, wherein the    Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for a model eye with no aberration    and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and wherein the first    Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio    is at least 0.1 and the through focus range is at least 1.8    Dioptres.

-   (B99) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7    or 0.8.

-   (B100) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 or 0.2.

-   (B101) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    through focus range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.25 or 2.5    Dioptres.

-   (B102) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens has a prescription focal distance located within 0.75, 0.5,    0.3, or 0.25 Dioptres, inclusive, of an end of the through focus    range.

-   (B103) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    end of the through focus range is the negative power end.

-   (B104) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    end of the through focus, range is the positive power end.

-   (B105) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    Visual Strehl Ratio remains at or above the second Visual Strehl    Ratio over the through focus range and over a range of pupil    diameters of at least 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, or 3 mm.

-   (B106) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    combination of higher order aberrations includes at least one of    primary spherical aberration and secondary spherical aberration.

-   (B107) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    higher order aberrations include at least two, three, or five    spherical aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to    C(20,0).

-   (B108) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    aberration profile is substantially charactered using only spherical    aberration Zernike coefficients C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (B109) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    RIQ for a substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field    of at least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least    0.4.

-   (B110) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    RIQ for a substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field    of at least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least    0.35.

-   (B111) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    RIQ for a substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field    of at least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least    0.3.

-   (B112) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens is one or more of the following: contact lens, corneal onlays,    corneal inlays, anterior chamber intraocular lens or posterior    chamber intraocular lens.

-   (B113) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    lens is one of the following: contact lens, corneal onlays, corneal    inlays, anterior chamber intraocular lens or posterior chamber    intraocular lens.

-   (B114) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein a    first multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of the B    examples and a second multifocal lens is provided based on one or    more of the B examples to form a pair of lenses.

-   (B115) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein the    first multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of the B    examples and a second lens is provided to form a pair of lenses.

-   (B116) The multifocal lens of one or more B examples, wherein a pair    of multifocal lenses are provided for use by an individual to    substantially correct the individual's vision.

-   (B117) A method for making or using one or more of the multifocal    lenses of one or more B examples.

Example Set C

-   (C1) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two optical    surfaces; wherein the lens is configured to provide a visual    performance on a presbyopic eye substantially equivalent to the    visual performance of a single-vision lens on the pre-presbyopic    eye; and wherein the lens has an aperture size greater than 1.5 mm.-   (C2) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two optical    surfaces; wherein the lens is configured to provide a visual    performance on a presbyopic eye substantially equivalent to the    visual performance of a correctly prescribed single-vision lens on    the pre-presbyopic eye; and wherein the lens has an aperture size    greater than 1.5 mm.-   (C3) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two optical    surfaces; wherein the lens is configured to provide a visual    performance for a presbyopic condition substantially equivalent to    the visual performance of an appropriately prescribed single-vision    lens for the pre-presbyopic condition; and wherein the lens has an    aperture size greater than 1.5 mm.-   (C4) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two optical    surfaces; wherein the lens is configured to provide a visual    performance on a presbyopic eye substantially equivalent to the    visual performance of a effectively prescribed single-vision lens on    the pre-presbyopic eye; and wherein the lens has an aperture size    greater than 1.5 mm.-   (C5) The lens of one or more of the C examples, wherein the lens is    configured based on an aberration profile associated with the    optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term    and at least two spherical aberration terms; and the lens is    configured to provide the visual performance, along a range of    substantially continuous visual distances, including near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (C6) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens does not    substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the lens.-   (C7) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the amount of light    passing through the lens is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%.-   (C8) The lens of one or more of the C examples, wherein the lens is    configured to provide the visual performance, along substantially    continuous visual distances, including substantially near distances,    substantially intermediate distances, and substantially far    distances.-   (C9) The lens of one or more of the C examples, wherein the lens is    configured to provide the visual performance, along continuous    visual distances, including near distances, intermediate distances,    and far distances.-   (C10) The lens of one or more of the C examples, wherein the lens is    configured to provide the visual performance, along a range of    visual distances, including near, intermediate and far distances.-   (C11) The lens of one or more of the C examples, wherein the    aberration profile is comprised of the defocus term, the at least    two spherical aberration terms and at least one asymmetric higher    order aberration term.-   (C12) The lens of one or more of the C examples, wherein the lens is    characterised in part by the aberration profile associated with the    optical axis of the lens.-   (C13) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is one of the following: prescribed, correctly prescribed,    appropriately prescribed, properly prescribed or effectively    prescribed.-   (C14) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is one or    more of the following: contact lens, corneal onlays, corneal inlays,    intra-ocular contact lens, intraocular lens, anterior chamber    intraocular lens and posterior chamber intraocular lens.-   (C15) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is one of    the following: contact lens, corneal onlays, corneal inlays,    intra-ocular contact lens, intraocular lens, anterior chamber    intraocular lens or posterior chamber intraocular lens.-   (C16) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a substantially constant power across a    substantial portion of an optic zone of the single-vision lens.-   (C17) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a constant power across a portion of an optic    zone of the single-vision lens.-   (C18) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a substantially constant power across one or    more portions of the optic zone of the single-vision lens.-   (C19) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a constant power across one or more portions of    the optic zone of the single-vision lens.-   (C20) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    configured to optically correct or mitigate presbyopia.-   (C21) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    configured to alter, or substantially alter, a presbyopic condition    to a non-presbyopic condition.-   (C22) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is used    for at least correcting a presbyopic eye condition and when used    provides a best available fit to adjust the vision of the user    towards substantial normal vision.-   (C23) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    further characterised by minimal, or no, ghosting at near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (C24) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide minimal, or no, ghosting at near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (C25) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting in a    substantial portion of near, intermediate and far distances.-   (C26) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting in a    substantial portion of two or more of the following: near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (C27) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting in two    or more of the following: near, intermediate and far distances.-   (C28) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide the RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.14,    0.16, 0.18 or 0.2 in the near distance range, the RIQ of at least    0.3, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38 or 0.4 in the intermediate distance    range and the RIQ of at least 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 in the far    distance range.-   (C29) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide two or more of the following: the RIQ    of at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 or 0.2 in the near distance    range, the RIQ of at least 0.3, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38 or 0.4 in the    intermediate distance range and the RIQ of at least 0.4, 0.45, 0.5,    0.6 or 0.7 in the far distance range.-   (C30) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein RIQs are selected    in the near, intermediate and far distance ranges such that the lens    is configured to provide minimal, or no, ghosting in near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (C31) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce,    ghosting at near, intermediate and far distances.-   (C32) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance    is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80 cm or 50 cm to 70 cm;    and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater, 80 cm or greater    or 70 cm or greater.-   (C33) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance    is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80 cm or 50 cm to 70 cm;    and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater, 80 cm or greater    or 70 cm or greater and the near, intermediate and far distances are    determined by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (C34) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater.-   (C35) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater    and the near, intermediate and far distances are determined by the    distance from the object being focused on.-   (C36) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm to optical    infinity.-   (C37) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm to optical    infinity and the near, intermediate and far distances are determined    by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (C38) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    configured to minimize, or reduce, ghosting at near, intermediate    and far distances when used on the pre-presbyopic eye.-   (C39) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein ghosting is    measured when the lens is used on the pre-presbyopic eye.-   (C40) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the range of    substantially continuous distances is continuous.-   (C41) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the range of    substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes from 40 cm    to optical infinity.-   (C42) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the range of    substantially continuous distances is from 33 cm to optical    infinity.-   (C43) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    configured such that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a randomly    selected group of 15 affected individuals in the near, intermediate    and far distance ranges perceive minimal, or no, ghosting at near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (C44) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens is    configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a randomly    selected group of 15 affected individuals in the near, intermediate    and far distance ranges perceive minimal, or no, ghosting at near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (C45) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the single vision    lens provides a visual acuity for the user of one or more of the    following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least 20/40, at least    about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about 20/40, at far    visual distance.-   (C46) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile is comprised of the defocus term and the at least two, two    or more, three, three or more, four, four or more, five, five or    more, six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more,    ten, or ten or more spherical aberration terms.-   (C47) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile is comprised of the defocus term and the at least two,    three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or at least ten spherical    aberration terms.-   (C48) The multifocal lens of one or more C examples, wherein the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and spherical    aberration terms between C(4,0) and C(6,0), C(4,0) and C(8,0),    C(4,0) and C(10,0), C(4,0) and C(12,0), C(4,0) and C(14,0), C(4,0)    and C(16,0), C(4,0) and C(18,0), or C(4,0) and C(20,0).-   (C49) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the best-corrected    visual acuity is a visual acuity that cannot be substantially    improved by further manipulating the power of the single vision    lens.-   (C50) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the least one    aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.-   (C51) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile includes higher order aberrations having at least one of a    primary spherical aberration component C(4,0) and a secondary    spherical aberration component C(6,0).-   (C52) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides, for a model eye with no aberrations and an on-axis    length equal to the focal distance: the RIQ with a through focus    slope that degrades in a direction of eye growth; and the RIQ of at    least 0.30; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured along    the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm    to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm    to 590 nm inclusive.-   (C53) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides, for a model eye with no aberrations and an on-axis    length equal to the focal distance: the RIQ with a through focus    slope that improves in a direction of eye growth; and the RIQ of at    least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the    optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6    mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm    to 590 nm inclusive.-   (C54) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens has the    optical axis and the aberration profile about the lens optical axis,    the aberration profile: having the focal distance; and including    higher order aberrations having the at least one of a primary    spherical aberration component C(4,0) and the secondary spherical    aberration component C(6,0), wherein the aberration profile    provides, for the model eye with no aberrations and an on-axis    length equal to the focal distance: the RIQ with a through focus    slope that degrades in a direction of eye growth; and the RIQ of at    least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the    optical axis for the at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm    to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm    to 590 nm inclusive.-   (C55) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the focal distance    is a prescription focal distance for a myopic eye and wherein the    focal distance differs from the focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike    coefficient of the aberration profile.-   (C56) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected    from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (C57) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (C58) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (C59) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the average slope    over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a    direction of eye growth.-   (C60) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the average slope    over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a    direction of eye growth.-   (C61) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the slope for a    substantial portion of the field angles over a horizontal field of    at least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (C62) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a horizontal field is every field    angle.-   (C63) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the slope for a    substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical field of at    least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (C64) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a vertical field is every angle.-   (C65) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal length for a    substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 3 mm to 6 mm.-   (C66) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal length for a    substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 4 mm to 5 mm.-   (C67) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in    a direction of eye growth when primary astigmatism is added to the    aberration profile.-   (C68) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in    a direction of eye growth when secondary astigmatism is added to the    aberration profile.    C.47. The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the RIQ is    characterised by

${RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}$ ${{RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( \left\lbrack {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack}^{2} \right) \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( \left\lbrack {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack}^{2} \right) \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}},$

wherein:

-   -   Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30 cycles/degree;    -   CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity function,    -   CSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e^(−(0.114f)^1.1)    -   where f specifies the tested spatial frequency, in the range of        F_(min) to F_(max);    -   FT denotes a 2D fast Fourier transform;    -   A(ρ,θ) denotes the pupil diameter;    -   W(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the test case measured for i=1        to 20;

${W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}$

-   -   Wdiff(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited        case;    -   ρ and θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the        radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or        azimuth; and    -   λ denotes wavelength.

-   (C69) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens includes    the optical axis and the aberration profile about the optical axis    that provides: the focal distance for the C(2,0) Zernike coefficient    term; a peak Visual Strehl Ratio (‘first Visual Strehl Ratio’)    within a through focus range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio that remains    at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio over the through focus    range that includes the focal distance, wherein the Visual Strehl    Ratio is measured for the model eye with no aberration and is    measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in    the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over the spatial frequency range of 0 to 30    cycles/degree inclusive, at the wavelength selected from within the    range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at    least 0.1 and the through focus range is at least 1.8 Dioptres.

-   (C70) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0.8.

-   (C71) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the second Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 or 0.2.

-   (C72) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the through focus    range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.25 or 2.5 Dioptres.

-   (C73) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the lens has a    prescription focal distance located within 0.75, 0.5, 0.3, or 0.25    Dioptres, inclusive, of an end of the through focus range.

-   (C74) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the end of the    through focus range is the negative power end.

-   (C75) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the end of the    through focus range is the positive power end.

-   (C76) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the Visual Strehl    Ratio remains at or above the second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range and over a range of pupil diameters of at least    1 mm, 1.5 mm or 2 mm.

-   (C77) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the combination of    higher order aberrations includes at least one of primary spherical    aberration and secondary spherical aberration.

-   (C78) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least two, three, or five spherical    aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (C79) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the aberration    profile is substantially charactered using only spherical aberration    Zernike coefficients C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (C80) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the RIQ for a    substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field of at    least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least 0.3,    0.35, or 0.4.

-   (C81) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the RIQ for every    angle over a horizontal field of at least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20°    or −30° to +30° is at least 0.3, 0.35, or 0.4.

-   (C82) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein a first lens is    provided based on one or more of the C examples and a second lens is    provided based on one or more of the C examples to form a pair of    lenses.

-   (C83) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein a first lens is    provided based on one or more of the C examples and a second lens is    provided to form a pair of lenses.

-   (C84) The lens of one or more C examples, wherein the pair of lenses    are provide for use by an individual to substantially correct the    individuals version.

Example Set D

-   (D1) A lens for an eye, the lens having at least one optical axis    and at least one optical profile substantially about at least one    optical axis, the optical profile comprising: at least one focal    distance; and one or more higher order aberrations, wherein the    optical profile provides for: a model eye with substantially no    aberrations and an on-axis length equal to, or substantially equal    to, the desired focal distance; a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a    through focus slope that degrades in a direction of eye growth; and    a RIQ of at least 0.3; and wherein the RIQ is measured along the    optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6    mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm    to 590 nm inclusive.-   (D2) A lens for an eye, the lens having at least one optical axis    and at least one optical profile substantially about at least one    optical axis, the optical profile comprising: at least one focal    distance; and one or more higher order aberrations, wherein the    optical profile provides for: a model eye with no aberrations and an    on-axis length equal to the desired focal distance; a retinal image    quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that degrades in a    direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3; and wherein the    RIQ is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (D3) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and at least    one optical profile substantially about the optical axis the optical    profile comprising: at least one focal distance; and one or more    higher order aberrations, wherein the optical profile provides for:    a model eye with substantially no aberrations and an on-axis length    equal to, or substantially equal to, the desired focal distance; a    retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that improves    in a direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3; and wherein    the RIQ is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (D4) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an    aberration profile about the optical axis the aberration profile    comprising: a focal distance; and higher order aberrations having at    least one of a primary spherical aberration component C(4,0) and a    secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0), wherein the    aberration profile provides for: a model eye with no aberrations, or    substantially no aberrations, and an on-axis length equal to the    focal distance: a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus    slope that degrades in a direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at    least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured    substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter    in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30    cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the    range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (D5) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an    aberration profile about the optical axis the aberration profile    comprising: a focal distance; and higher order aberrations having at    least one of a primary spherical aberration component C(4,0) and a    secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0), wherein the    aberration profile provides for: a model eye with no aberrations and    an on-axis length equal to the focal distance; a retinal image    quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that degrades in a    direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein the RIQ    is Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis    for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a    spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive.-   (D6) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and at least    one optical profile substantially about the optical axis the optical    profile comprising: at least one focal distance; and one or more    higher order aberrations, wherein the optical profile provides for:    a model eye with substantially no aberrations an on-axis length    equal to, or substantially equal to, the desired focal distance; a    retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that improves    in a direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3; and wherein    the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the    optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6    mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm    to 590 nm inclusive.-   (D7) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and an    aberration profile about the optical axis the aberration profile    comprising: a focal distance; and higher order aberrations having at    least one of a primary spherical aberration component C(4,0) and a    secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0), wherein the    aberration profile provides for: a model eye with no aberrations, or    substantially no aberrations, and an on-axis length equal to the    focal distance: a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus    slope that improves in a direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at    least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured    substantially along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter    in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30    cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the    range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (D8) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and a    surface structure, wherein the surface structure is configured to    generate an aberration profile about the optical axis, the    aberration profile comprising: a focal distance; and higher order    aberrations having at least one of a primary spherical aberration    component C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component    C(6,0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for a model eye    with no aberrations, or substantially no aberrations, and an on-axis    length equal to the focal distance: a retinal image quality (RIQ)    with a through focus slope that improves in a direction of eye    growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl    Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for at least one    pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency    range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength    selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (D9) A lens for an eye, the lens having an optical axis and at least    one optical profile substantially about the optical axis, the    optical profile comprising: at least one focal distance; and one or    more higher order aberrations, wherein the optical profile provides,    for a model eye with substantially no aberrations an on-axis length    equal to, or substantially equal to, the desired focal distance; a    retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that improves    in a direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein    said RIQ is measured substantially along the optical axis for at    least one pupil.-   (D10) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is one or more of the following: prescribed, appropriately    prescribed, correctly prescribed and effectively prescribed.-   (D11) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a substantially constant power across a    substantial portion of an optic zone of the single-vision lens.-   (D12) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a constant power across a portion of an optic    zone of the single-vision lens.-   (D13) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a substantially constant power across a portion    of one or more optic zones of the single-vision lens.-   (D14) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is used    for a presbyopic eye.-   (D15) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured for a presbyopic eye.-   (D16) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured to optically correct or substantially correct presbyopia.-   (D17) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured to mitigate or substantially mitigate the optical    consequences of presbyopia.-   (D18) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured to alter or substantially alter a presbyopic condition to    a non-presbyopic condition.-   (D19) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is used    for at least correcting a presbyopic eye condition and when used    provides an appropriate correction to adjust the vision of the user    towards substantially normal non-presbyopic vision.-   (D20) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein normal vision is    6/6 or better.-   (D21) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    further characterised by minimal, substantially no or no, ghosting    at near, intermediate and far distances.-   (D22) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    further characterised by minimal, substantially no or no, ghosting    at near distances, intermediate distances and far distances.-   (D23) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide minimal, substantially no or no,    ghosting at near, intermediate and far distances.-   (D24) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing at the    image plane of the optical system.-   (D25) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing on the    retina of the eye.-   (D26) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of an undesired double image appearing on the    retina of the eye.-   (D27) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of false out-of-focus image appearing along side    of the primary image in an optical system.-   (D28) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting in a    portion of near, intermediate and far distances.-   (D29) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting at near    distances, intermediate distances and far distances.-   (D30) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting in a    portion of two or more of the following: near, intermediate and far    distances.-   (D31) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein lack of ghosting    is lack of undesired image appearing at the image plane of the    optical system.-   (D32) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein lack of ghosting    is a lack of false out of focus images appearing along side of the    primary image in an optical system.-   (D33) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting in a    portion of two or more of the following: near distances,    intermediate distances and far distances.-   (D34) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide the RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17,    0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the near distance range, the RIQ of at least    0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the intermediate distance    range and the RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47, or    0.5 in the far distance range.-   (D35) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide two or more of the following: the RIQ    of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the near    distance range, the RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or    0.4 in the intermediate distance range and the RIQ of at least 0.35,    0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47, or 0.5 in the far distance range.-   (D36) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the RIQs are    selected in the near, intermediate and far distance ranges such that    the lens is configured to provide minimal, or no, ghosting in near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (D37) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce,    ghosting at near, intermediate and far distances.-   (D38) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce,    ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances and far    distances.-   (D39) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance    is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80 cm or 50 cm to 70 cm;    and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater, 80 cm or greater    or 70 cm or greater.-   (D40) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance    is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80 cm or 50 cm to 70 cm;    and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater, 80 cm or greater    or 70 cm or greater and the near, intermediate and far distances are    determined by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (D41) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater.-   (D42) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater    and the near, intermediate and far distances are determined by the    distance from the object being focused on.-   (D43) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm to optical    infinity.-   (D44) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 104 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm to optical    infinity and the near, intermediate and far distances are determined    by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (D45) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured to minimize, or reduce, ghosting at near, intermediate    and far distances when used on an eye.-   (D46) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured to minimize, or reduce, ghosting at near distances,    intermediate distances and far distances when used on an eye.-   (D47) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the range of    substantially continuous distances is continuous.-   (D48) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the range of    substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes from 40 cm    to optical infinity.-   (D49) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the range of    substantially continuous distances is from 33 cm to optical    infinity.-   (D50) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured such that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a randomly    selected group of 15 affected individuals in the near distances,    intermediate distances and far distances perceive minimal, or no,    ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances and far    distances.-   (D51) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is    configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a randomly    selected group of 15 affected individuals in the intermediate    distances and far distances perceive minimal, or no, ghosting at    intermediate distances and far distances.-   (D52) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the single vision    lens provides a visual, acuity for the user of one or more of the    following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least 20/40, at least    about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about 20/40, at far    visual distances.-   (D53) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two, two or    more, three, three or more, four, four or more, five, five or more,    six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more, nine,    nine or more, ten, or ten or more spherical aberration terms.-   (D54) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two, three,    four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or at least ten spherical    aberration terms.-   (D55) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile is comprised of a defocus term and spherical aberration    terms between C(4,0) and C(6,0), C(4,0) and C(8,0), C(4,0) and    C(10,0), C(4,0) and C(12,0), C(4,0) and C(14,0), C(4,0) and C(16,0),    C(4,0) and C(18,0), or C(4,0) and C(20,0).-   (D56) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the single vision    lens provides a visual acuity that is the best-corrected visual    acuity.-   (D57) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the best-corrected    visual acuity is a visual acuity that cannot be substantially    improved by further manipulating the power of the single vision    lens.-   (D58) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens has two    optical surfaces.-   (D59) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the least one    aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.-   (D60) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens has a    focal distance.-   (D61) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile includes higher order aberrations having at least one of a    primary spherical aberration component C(4,0) and a secondary    spherical aberration component C(6,0).-   (D62) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the focal distance    is a prescription focal distance for a myopic, hyperopic,    astigmatic, and/or presbyopic eye and wherein the focal distance    differs from the focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike coefficient of    the aberration profile.-   (D63) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected    from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (D64) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (D65) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (D66) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the average slope    over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a    direction of eye growth.-   (D67) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing at the    image plane of the optical system.-   (D68) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing on the    retina of the eye.-   (D69) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of an undesired double image appearing on the    retina of the eye.-   (D70) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of false out-of-focus image appearing along side    of the primary image in an optical system.-   (D71) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the average slope    over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° improves in a    direction of eye growth.-   (D72) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the average slope    over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a    direction of eye growth.-   (D73) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the average slope    over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20° improves in a    direction of eye growth.-   (D74) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the slope for a    substantial portion of the field angles over a horizontal field of    at least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (D75) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a horizontal field is at least 75%,    85%, 95% or 99% of the field angles.-   (D76) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a horizontal field is every field    angle.-   (D77) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the slope for a    substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical field of at    least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (D78) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a vertical field is every angle.-   (D79) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a vertical field is at least 75%,    85%, 95% or 99% of the field angles.-   (D80) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal length for a    substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 3 mm to 6 mm.-   (D81) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal length for a    substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 4 mm to 5 mm.-   (D82) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in    a direction of eye growth when primary or secondary astigmatism is    added to the aberration profile.-   (D83) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that improves in    a direction of eye growth when primary or secondary astigmatism is    added to the aberration profile.-   (D84) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the primary or    secondary astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by    altering one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2), C(2,2),    C(4,−2), C(4,2), C(6,−2), and/or C(6,2).-   (D85) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in    a direction of eye growth when secondary astigmatism is added to the    aberration profile.-   (D86) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the secondary    astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by altering    one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2), C(2,2), C(4,−2),    C(4,2), C(6,−2), and/or C(6,2).-   (D87) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the RIQ is    characterised by

${{RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}},$

wherein:

-   -   Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30 cycles/degree;    -   CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity function,    -   CSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e^(−(0.114f)^1.1),    -   where f specifies the tested spatial frequency, in the range of        F_(min) to F_(max);    -   FT denotes a 2D fast Fourier transform;    -   A(ρ,θ) denotes the pupil diameter;    -   W(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the test case measured for i=1        to 20

${{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}};$

-   -   Wdiff(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited        case;    -   ρ and θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the        radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or        azimuth; and    -   λ denotes wavelength.

-   (D88) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens includes    an optical axis and an aberration profile along the optical axis    that provides: a focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike coefficient    term; a peak Visual Strehl Ratio (‘first Visual Strehl Ratio’)    within a through focus range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio that remains    at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio over the through focus    range that includes said focal distance, wherein the Visual Strehl    Ratio is measured for a model eye with no, or substantially no,    aberration and is measured along the optical axis for at least one    pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency    range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected    from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and wherein the    first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.35, the second Visual Strehl    Ratio is at least 0.1 and the through focus range is at least 1.8    Dioptres.

-   (D89) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens includes    an optical axis and an aberration profile along the optical axis    that provides: a focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike coefficient    term; a peak Visual Strehl Ratio (‘first Visual Strehl Ratio’)    within a through focus range, and a Visual Strehl Ratio that remains    at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio over the through focus    range that includes said focal distance, wherein the Visual Strehl.    Ratio is measured for a model eye with no aberration and is measured    along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range    3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30    cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from within the    range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at    least 0.1 and the through focus range is at least 1.8 Dioptres.

-   (D90) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0.8.

-   (D91) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the second Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 or 0.2.

-   (D92) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the through focus    range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.25 or 2.5 Dioptres.

-   (D93) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens has a    prescription focal distance located within 0.75, 0.5, 0.3, or 0.25    Dioptres, inclusive, of an end of the through focus range.

-   (D94) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the end of the    through focus range is the negative power end.

-   (D95) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the end of the    through focus range is the positive power end.

-   (D96) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the Visual Strehl    Ratio remains at or above the second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range and over a range of pupil diameters of at least    1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, or 3 mm.

-   (D97) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the combination of    higher order aberrations includes at least one of primary spherical    aberration and secondary spherical aberration.

-   (D98) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least two, three, or five spherical    aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (D99) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the aberration    profile is substantially charactered using only spherical aberration    Zernike coefficients C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (D100) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the RIQ for a    substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field of at    least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least 0.4.

-   (D101) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the RIQ for a    substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field of at    least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least 0.35.

-   (D102) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the RIQ for a    substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field of at    least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least 0.3.

-   (D103) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is one    or more of the following: contact lens, corneal onlays, corneal    inlays, anterior chamber intraocular lens or posterior chamber    intraocular lens.

-   (D104) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens is one    of the following: contact lens, corneal onlays, corneal inlays,    anterior chamber intraocular lens or posterior chamber intraocular    lens.

-   (D105) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein a first lens is    provided based on one or more of the D examples and a second lens is    provided based on one or more of the D examples to form a pair of    lenses.

-   (D106) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the first lens is    provided based on one or more of the D examples and a second lens is    provided to form a pair of lenses.

-   (D107) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein a pair of lenses    are provided for use by an individual to substantially correct the    individual's vision.

-   (D108) A method for making or using one or more of the lenses of one    or more D examples.

-   (D109) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the lens does not    substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the lens.

-   (D110) The lens of one or more D examples, wherein the amount of    light passing through the lens is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or    99%.

Example Set E

-   (E1) A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis; an    aberration profile about the optical axis and having a focal    distance; and at least two optical surfaces; and wherein the lens's    optical properties can be characterised upon testing by at least the    following properties: two or more higher order aberrations having    one or more of the following components: a primary spherical    aberration C(4,0), a secondary spherical aberration C(6,0), a    tertiary spherical aberration C(8,0), a quaternary spherical    aberration C(10,0), a pentanary spherical aberration C(12,0), a    hexanary spherical aberration C(14,0), a heptanary spherical    aberration C(16,0), an octanary spherical aberration C(18,0) and a    nanonary spherical aberration C(20,0); the aberration profile when    tested on a model eye with no, or substantially no, aberrations and    having an on-axis length equal, or substantially equal, to the focal    distance, results in a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through    focus slope so that the RIQ decreases in a direction of eye growth,    where the RIQ is determined by a Visual Strehl Ratio that is    measured substantially along the optical axis; and the RIQ is    measured for a model eye with no, or substantially no, aberration    and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (E2) A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis; an    aberration profile about the optical axis and having a focal    distance; and at least two optical surfaces; and wherein the lens's    optical properties can be characterised upon testing by at least the    following properties: two or more higher order aberrations having    one or more of the following components: a primary spherical    aberration C(4,0), a secondary spherical aberration C(6,0), a    tertiary spherical aberration C(8,0), a quaternary spherical    aberration C(10,0), a pentanary spherical aberration C(12,0), a    hexanary spherical aberration C(14,0), a heptanary spherical    aberration C(16,0), an octanary spherical aberration C(18,0) and a    nanonary spherical aberration C(20,0); the aberration profile when    tested on a model eye with no aberrations and having an on-axis    length equal to the focal distance, results in a retinal image    quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope so that the RIQ decreases    in a direction of eye growth, where the RIQ is determined by a    Visual Strehl Ratio that is measured along the optical axis; and the    RIQ is measured for a model eye with no aberrations and is measured    along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range    3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30    cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from within the    range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (E3) A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis; an    aberration profile about the optical axis and having a focal    distance; and at least two optical surfaces; and wherein the lens's    optical properties can be characterised upon testing by at least the    following properties: two or more higher order aberrations having    one or more of the following components: a primary spherical    aberration C(4,0), a secondary spherical aberration C(6,0), a    tertiary spherical aberration C(8,0), a quaternary spherical    aberration C(10,0), a pentanary spherical aberration C(12,0), a    hexanary spherical aberration C(14,0), a heptanary spherical    aberration C(16,0), an octanary spherical aberration C(18,0) and a    nanonary spherical aberration C(20,0); the aberration profile when    tested on a model eye with no aberrations and having an on-axis    length equal to the focal distance, results in a retinal image    quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope so that the RIQ increases    in a direction of eye growth, where the RIQ is determined by a    Visual Strehl Ratio that is measured along the optical axis; and the    RIQ is measured for a model eye with no aberrations and is measured    along the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range    3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30    cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from within the    range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (E4) A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis; an    aberration profile about the optical axis and having a focal    distance; and at least two optical surfaces; and wherein the lens's    optical properties can be characterised upon testing by at least the    following properties: two or more higher order aberrations having    one or more of the following components: a primary spherical    aberration C(4,0), a secondary spherical aberration C(6,0), a    tertiary spherical aberration C(8,0), a quaternary spherical    aberration C(10,0), a pentanary spherical aberration C(12,0), a    hexanary spherical aberration C(14,0), a heptanary spherical    aberration C(16,0), an octanary spherical aberration C(18,0) and a    nanonary spherical aberration C(20,0); the aberration profile when    tested on a model eye with no, or substantially no, aberrations and    having an on-axis length equal, or substantially equal, to the focal    distance, results in a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through    focus slope so that the RIQ increases in a direction of eye growth,    where the RIQ is determined by a Visual Strehl Ratio that is    measured substantially along the optical axis; and the RIQ is    measured for a model eye with no, or substantially no, aberration    and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (E5) A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis; an    aberration profile about the optical axis and having a focal    distance; and at least two optical surfaces; and wherein the lens's    optical properties can be characterised upon testing by at least the    following properties: two or more higher order aberrations having    one or more of the following components: a primary spherical    aberration C(4,0), a secondary spherical aberration C(6,0), a    tertiary spherical aberration C(8,0), a quaternary spherical    aberration C(10,0), a pentanary spherical aberration C(12,0), a    hexanary spherical aberration C(14,0), a heptanary spherical    aberration C(16,0), an octanary spherical aberration C(18,0) and a    nanonary spherical aberration C(20,0); the aberration profile when    tested on a model eye with no, or substantially no, aberrations and    having an on-axis length equal, or substantially equal, to the focal    distance, results in a through focus RIQ, within the through focus    range, a first RIQ which is a peak RIQ and that remains at or above    a second RIQ over the through focus range that includes the focal    distance; and the first and second RIQs are measured for a model eye    with no, or substantially no, aberration and is measured along the    optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 5    mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive, at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to    590 nm inclusive.-   (E6) A lens for an eye, the lens comprising: an optical axis; an    aberration profile about the optical axis and having a focal    distance; and at least two optical surfaces; and wherein the lens's    optical properties can be characterised upon testing by at least the    following properties: two or more higher order aberrations having    one or more of the following components: a primary spherical    aberration C(4,0), a secondary spherical aberration C(6,0), a    tertiary spherical aberration C(8,0), a quaternary spherical    aberration C(10,0), a pentanary spherical aberration C(12,0), a    hexanary spherical aberration C(14,0), a heptanary spherical    aberration C(16,0), an octanary spherical aberration C(18,0) and a    nanonary spherical aberration C(20,0); the aberration profile when    tested on a model eye with no aberrations and having an on-axis    length equal to the focal distance, results in a through focus RIQ,    within the through focus range, a first RIQ which is a peak RIQ and    that remains at or above a second RIQ over the through focus range    that includes the focal distance; and the first and second RIQs are    measured for a model eye with no aberration and is measured along    the optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm    to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive, at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to    590 nm inclusive.-   (E7) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is one or more of the following: prescribed, appropriately    prescribed, correctly prescribed and effectively prescribed.-   (E8) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens does not    substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the lens.-   (E9) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the amount of light    passing through the lens is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%.-   (E10) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a substantially constant power across a    substantial portion of an optic zone of the single-vision lens.-   (E11) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a constant power across a portion of an optic    zone of the single-vision lens.-   (E12) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the single-vision    lens is a lens with a substantially constant power across a portion    of one or more optic zones of the single-vision lens.-   (E13) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    further characterised by minimal, substantially no or no, ghosting    at near, intermediate and far distances.-   (E14) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    further characterised by minimal, substantially no or no, ghosting    at near distances, intermediate distances and far distances.-   (E15) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide minimal, substantially no or no,    ghosting at near, intermediate and far distances.-   (E16) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing at the    image plane of the optical system.-   (E17) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing on the    retina of the eye.-   (E18) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of an undesired double image appearing on the    retina of the eye.-   (E19) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the minimal    ghosting is a lack of false out-of-focus image appearing along side    of the primary image in an optical system.-   (E20) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting in a    portion of near, intermediate and far distances.-   (E21) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting at near    distances, intermediate distances and far distances.-   (E22) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting in a    portion of two or more of the following: near, intermediate and far    distances.-   (E23) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein lack of ghosting    is lack of undesired image appearing at the image plane of the    optical system.-   (E24) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein lack of ghosting    is a lack of false out of focus images appearing along side of the    primary image in an optical system.-   (E25) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide a sufficient lack of ghosting in a    portion of two or more of the following: near distances,    intermediate distances and far distances.-   (E26) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide the RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17,    0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the near distance range, the RIQ of at least    0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the intermediate distance    range and the RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47, or    0.5 in the far distance range.-   (E27) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    further configured to provide two or more of the following: the RIQ    of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the near    distance range, the RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or    0.4 in the intermediate distance range and the RIQ of at least 0.35,    0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47, or 0.5 in the far distance range.-   (E28) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the RIQs are    selected in the near, intermediate and far distance ranges such that    the lens is configured to provide minimal, or no, ghosting in near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (E29) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce,    ghosting at near, intermediate and far distances.-   (E30) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    configured to substantially eliminate, or substantially reduce,    ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances and far    distances.-   (E31) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance    is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80 cm or 50 cm to 70 cm;    and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater, 80 cm or greater    or 70 cm or greater.-   (E32) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance    is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80 cm or 50 cm to 70 cm;    and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater, 80 cm or greater    or 70 cm or greater and the near, intermediate and far distances are    determined by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (E33) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater.-   (E34) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or greater    and the near, intermediate and far distances are determined by the    distance from the object being focused on.-   (E35) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm to optical    infinity.-   (E36) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein near distance is    the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is the range of    50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm to optical    infinity and the near, intermediate and far distances are determined    by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (E37) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    configured to minimize, or reduce, ghosting at near, intermediate    and far distances when used on an eye.-   (E38) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    configured to minimize, or reduce, ghosting at near distances,    intermediate distances and far distances when used on an eye.-   (E39) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the range of    substantially continuous distances is continuous.-   (E40) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the range of    substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes from 40 cm    to optical infinity.-   (E41) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the range of    substantially continuous distances is from 33 cm to optical    infinity.-   (E42) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    configured such that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a randomly    selected group of 15 affected individuals in the near distances,    intermediate distances and far distances perceive minimal, or no,    ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances and far    distances.-   (E43) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is    configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a randomly    selected group of 15 affected individuals in the intermediate    distances and far distances perceive minimal, or no, ghosting at    intermediate distances and far distances.-   (E44) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the single vision    lens provides a visual acuity for the user of one or more of the    following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least 20/40, at least    about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about 20/40, at far    visual distances.-   (E45) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two, two or    more, three, three or more, four, four or more, five, five or more,    six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more, nine,    nine or more, ten, or ten or more spherical aberration terms.-   (E46) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two, three,    four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or at least ten spherical    aberration terms.-   (E47) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile is comprised of a defocus term and spherical aberration    terms between C(4,0) and C(6,0), C(4,0) and C(8,0), C(4,0) and    C(10,0), C(4,0) and C(12,0), C(4,0) and C(14,0), C(4,0) and C(16,0),    C(4,0) and C(18,0), or C(4,0) and C(20,0).-   (E48) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the single vision    lens provides a visual acuity that is the best-corrected visual    acuity.-   (E49) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the best-corrected    visual acuity is a visual acuity that cannot be substantially    improved by further manipulating the power of the single vision    lens.-   (E50) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens has two    optical surfaces.-   (E51) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the least one    aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.-   (E52) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens has a    focal distance.-   (E53) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile includes higher order aberrations having at least one of a    primary spherical aberration component C(4,0) and a secondary    spherical aberration component C(6,0).-   (E54) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the focal distance    is a prescription focal distance for a myopic, hyperopic,    astigmatic, and/or presbyopic eye and wherein the focal distance    differs from the focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike coefficient of    the aberration profile.-   (E55) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least two spherical aberration terms selected    from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (E56) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least three spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (E57) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least five spherical aberration terms    selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (E58) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the average slope    over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a    direction of eye growth.-   (E59) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the average slope    over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° improves in a    direction of eye growth.-   (E60) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the average slope    over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a    direction of eye growth.-   (E61) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the average slope    over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20° improves in a    direction of eye growth.-   (E62) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the slope for a    substantial portion of the field angles over a horizontal field of    at least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (E63) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a horizontal field is at least 75%,    85%, 95% or 99% of the field angles.-   (E64) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a horizontal field is every field    angle.-   (E65) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the slope for a    substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical field of at    least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (E66) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a vertical field is every angle.-   (E67) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the substantial    portion of the field angles over a vertical field is at least 75%,    85%, 95% or 99% of the field angles.-   (E68) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal length for a    substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 3 mm to 6 mm.-   (E69) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal length for a    substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 4 mm to 5 mm.-   (E70) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in    a direction of eye growth when primary or secondary astigmatism is    added to the aberration profile.-   (E71) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that improves in    a direction of eye growth when primary or secondary astigmatism is    added to the aberration profile.-   (E72) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the primary or    secondary astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by    altering one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2), C(2,2),    C(4,−2), C(4,2), C(6,−2), and/or C(6,2).-   (E73) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in    a direction of eye growth when secondary astigmatism is added to the    aberration profile.-   (E74) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the secondary    astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by altering    one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2), C(2,2), C(4,−2),    C(4,2), C(6,−2), and/or C(6,2).-   (E75) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the RIQ is    characterised by

${{RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}},$

wherein:

-   -   Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30 cycles/degree;    -   CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity function        CSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e^(−(0.114f)^1.1),    -   where f specifies the tested spatial frequency, in the range of        F_(min) to F_(max);    -   FT denotes a 2D fast Fourier transform;    -   A(ρ,θ) denotes the pupil diameter;    -   W(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the test case measured for i=1        to 20

${{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}};$

-   -   Wdiff(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited        case;    -   ρ and θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the        radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or        azimuth; and    -   λ denotes wavelength.

-   (E76) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the first Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 or 0.8.

-   (E77) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the second Visual    Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 or 0.2.

-   (E78) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the through focus    range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.25 or 2.5 Dioptres.

-   (E79) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens has a    prescription focal distance located within 0.75, 0.5, 0.3, or 0.25    Dioptres, inclusive, of an end of the through focus range.

-   (E80) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the end of the    through focus range is the negative power end.

-   (E81) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the end of the    through focus range is the positive power end.

-   (E82) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the Visual Strehl    Ratio remains at or above the second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range and over a range of pupil diameters of at least    1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, or 3 mm.

-   (E83) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the combination of    higher order aberrations includes at least one of primary spherical    aberration and secondary spherical aberration.

-   (E84) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least two, three, or five spherical    aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (E85) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the higher order    aberrations include at least six, seven or eight spherical    aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (E86) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the aberration    profile is capable of being characterised using only spherical    aberration Zernike coefficients C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (E87) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the RIQ for a    substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field of at    least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least 0.3,    0.35 or 0.4.

-   (E88) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the RIQ for a    substantial portion of the angles over a vertical field of at least    −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least 0.3, 0.35 or    0.4.

-   (E89) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the RIQ for a    substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field of at    least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least 0.3.

-   (E90) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is one or    more of the following: contact lens, corneal onlays, corneal inlays,    anterior chamber intraocular lens or posterior chamber intraocular    lens.

-   (E91) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the lens is one of    the following: contact lens, corneal onlays, corneal inlays,    anterior chamber intraocular lens or posterior chamber intraocular    lens.

-   (E92) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein a first lens is    provided based on one or more of the E examples and a second lens is    provided based on one or more of the E examples to form a pair of    lenses.

-   (E93) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein the first lens is    provided based on one or more of the E examples and a second lens is    provided to form a pair of lenses.

-   (E94) The lens of one or more E examples, wherein a pair of lenses    are provided for use by an individual to substantially correct the    individual's vision.

-   (E95) A method for making or using one or more of the lenses of one    or more E examples.

Examples Set F

-   (F1) A lens comprising: an optical axis; an aberration profile about    the optical axis and having a focal distance; at least two optical    surfaces; an aperture size greater than 2 mm; wherein the lens is    configured such that the lens is characterised by one or more power    profiles and the one or more power profiles provide a lens that has    the following properties: the visual performance of the multifocal    lens at near, intermediate and far visual distances is substantially    equivalent to or better than an appropriately prescribed    single-vision lens for far visual distance and produces minimal    ghosting at distances from far distance to near.-   (F2) A lens comprising: an optical axis; an aberration profile    having a focal distance; and at least two optical surfaces; wherein    the lens is configured at least in part by one or more power    profiles and the lens has the following properties: the visual    performance of the lens at near, intermediate and far visual    distances is substantially equivalent to, or better than, an    appropriately prescribed single-vision lens for far visual distance    and produces minimal ghosting at distances from far distance to    near.-   (F3) A lens comprising: an optical axis; an aberration profile    having a focal distance; at least two optical surfaces; wherein the    lens is configured at least in part by one or more power profiles    and the lens has the following properties: the visual performance of    the lens at intermediate and far visual distances is substantially    equivalent to, or better than, a properly prescribed single-vision    lens for far visual distance and produces minimal ghosting at    distances from far distance to near.-   (F4) A lens comprising: an optical axis; an aberration profile    having a focal distance; at least two optical surfaces; the lens is    configured by one or more power profiles and has the following lens    properties: the lens is capable of decreasing the rate of    progression of myopia; the lens is capable of decreasing the rate of    growth of the eye as measured by axial length; and provides visual    performance at intermediate and far visual distances that is at    least substantially equivalent to a properly prescribed    single-vision lens for far visual distance and produces minimal    ghosting at distances from far distance to near.-   (F5) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two optical    surfaces; an aberration profile having a focal distance and/or at    least one power profile, wherein the aberration profile and/or at    least one power profile configure the lens to provide an image    profile and the image profile in use with an eye is capable of    stabilising and/or altering the growth of the eye; and wherein the    lens is configured to provide visual performance at intermediate and    far visual distances that is substantially equivalent to or better    than a correctly prescribed single-vision lens for far visual    distance and produces minimal ghosting at distances from far    distance to near; wherein the image profile generates one or more of    the following: myopic and/or hyperopic defocus at centre and/or    periphery of the retina; a RIQ of at least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4 at the    retina and a slope of through-focus RIQ that degrades in the    direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3, 0.35 or 0.4 at    the retina and a slope of through-focus RIQ that improves in the    direction of eye growth.-   (F6) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the image profile    created by the lens has the affect of slowing the growth of the    myopic eye by one or more stop signals.-   (F7) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the slope of    through-focus RIQ that degrades in the direction of eye growth is    one or more of the following: substantial, partial, sufficient or    combinations thereof,-   (F8) The lens of one or more F examples, myopia control lens.-   (F9) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the improvement in    the direction of growth is one or more of the following:    substantial, partial, sufficient or combinations thereof.-   (F10) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the lens has an    aperture size of 2 mm or greater; 2.5 mm or greater, 3 mm or    greater, 3.5 mm or greater or 4 mm or greater.-   (F11) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the lens is a    multifocal lens with at least 1 Dioptre, at least 1.25 Dioptre, or    at least 1.5 Dioptre of power variation across a central and/or a    mid-peripheral portion of the optical zone of the lens.-   (F12) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the lens is a    presbyopic multifocal lens with at least 1 Dioptre, at least 1.25    Dioptre or at least 1 Dioptre of power variation across a central    and/or a mid-peripheral portion of the optical zone of the lens.-   (F13) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the lens is    non-monotonic and non-periodic.-   (F14) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the lens is a    non-pinhole lens.-   (F15) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the lens is a    non-pinhole lens and the lens is a multifocal lens with at least 1,    1.25 or 1.5 Dioptre of power variation across a central and/or a    mid-peripheral portion of the optical zone of the lens.-   (F16) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein in the lens    produces a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope    that degrades in a direction of eye growth, where the RIQ is    determined by a Visual Strehl Ratio that is measured substantially    along the optical axis when the aberration profile is tested on a    model eye with no or substantially no aberrations and having an    on-axis length equal or substantially equal to the focal distance.-   (F17) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein in the lens    produces a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope    that degrades in a direction of eye growth, where the RIQ is    determined by a Visual Strehl Ratio that is measured along the    optical axis when the aberration profile is tested on a model eye    with no aberrations and having an on-axis length equal to the focal    distance.-   (F18) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the lens has at    least one wavefront aberration profile associated with the optical    axis, and the aberration profile is comprised of at least two    spherical aberration selected at least in part from a group    comprising Zernike coefficients C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (F19) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the lens can be    characterised upon testing by at least the following properties: two    or more higher order aberrations having one or more of the following    components: a primary spherical aberration C(4,0), a secondary    spherical aberration (C(6,0), a tertiary spherical aberration    C(8,0), a quaternary spherical aberration C(10,0), a pentanary    spherical aberration C(12,0), a hexanary spherical aberration    C(14,0), a heptanary spherical aberration C(16,0), an octanary    spherical aberration C(18,0) and a nanonary spherical aberration    C(20,0).-   (F20) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the lens does not    substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the lens.-   (F21) The lens of one or more F examples, wherein the amount of    light passing through the lens is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or    99%.

Examples Set G

-   (G1) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the multifocal    lens is configured based on an aberration profile associated with    the optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of at least    two spherical aberration terms and a defocus term; the multifocal    lens is configured such that the visual performance of the    multifocal lens at intermediate and far visual distances is    substantially equivalent to, or better than, an appropriately or    properly prescribed single-vision lens for far visual distance; and    when tested with a defined visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units, the    visual performance at the near visual distance is within two units    of the visual performance of the appropriately prescribed    single-vision lens at far distance.-   (G2) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the multifocal    lens is configured in part on an aberration profile associated with    the optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of at least    two spherical aberration terms and a defocus term; wherein the    multifocal lens is configured such that the visual performance of    the multifocal lens at intermediate and far visual distances is    equivalent to or better than, an appropriately or correctly    prescribed single-vision lens for far visual distance; and wherein    upon testing with a defined visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units,    the visual performance at the near visual distance is within two    units of the visual performance of the correctly prescribed    single-vision lens at far distance.-   (G3) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the multifocal    lens is configured based on an aberration profile associated with    the optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of at least    two spherical aberration terms and a defocus term; and wherein upon    testing with a defined overall visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units,    the multifocal lens is configured such that the overall visual    performance of the multifocal lens is substantially equivalent to or    better than an appropriately prescribed single-vision lens for far    visual distance.-   (G4) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the multifocal    lens is configured based in part on an aberration profile associated    with the optical axis; the aberration profile is comprised of at    least two spherical aberration terms and a defocus term; and wherein    the multifocal lens is configured such that the visual performance    on a visual analogue scale of the multifocal lens at far visual    distance has a score of 9 or above in 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% or 80%    of a representative sample of presbyopes; wherein the multifocal    lens is configured such that the visual performance on a visual    analogue scale of the multifocal lens at intermediate visual    distance has a score of 9 or above in 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%    or 75% of a representative sample of presbyopes; and wherein the    multifocal lens is configured such that the visual performance on a    visual analogue scale of the multifocal lens at near visual distance    has a score of 9 or above in 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% or 55% of    a representative sample of presbyopes.-   (G5) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the multifocal    lens being characterised or configured in part on an aberration    profile associated with the optical axis; the aberration profile is    comprised of at least two spherical aberration terms and a defocus    term; and wherein the multifocal lens is configured such that the    overall visual performance on a visual analogue scale results in a    score of 9 or above in 18%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45% of a    representative sample of presbyopes.-   (G6) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens in use provides substantially minimal ghosting to    the vision of the user at near and far visual distances.-   (G7) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    substantially equivalent to or better visual performance is    determined at least in part by a visual rating scale of 1 to 10    units.-   (G8) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average visual performance of the lens in use for a representative    sample of the affected population has a distance vision score of at    least 8.5, has an intermediate vision score of at least 8.5 and has    a near vision score of at least 7.5.-   (G9) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average visual performance of the lens in use for a representative    sample of the affected population has a distance vision score of at    least 8.0, at least 8.2 or at least 8.4; has an intermediate vision    score of at least 8.0, at least 8.2 or at least 8.4; has a near    vision score of at least 7.0, at least 7.2 or at least 7.4; or    combinations thereof.-   (G10) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens provides substantially minimal ghosting for a    representative sample of the affected population at near and/or    intermediate visual distances.

(G11) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein substantialminimal ghosting is an average visual performance score of less than orequal to 2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6 or 1.4 on the vision analogue ghostingscale of 1 to 10 units for a representative sample of the affectedpopulation using the multifocal lens.

-   (G12) The multifocal lens of one or more G example, wherein    substantial minimal ghosting is a score of less than or equal to    2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6 or 1.4 on the vision rating ghosting scale 1    to 10 units utilising the average visual performance of the lens in    use on a sample of people needing vision correction and/or therapy,    for one or more of the following: myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism,    emmetropia and presbyopia.-   (G13) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens provides myopia control therapy with minimal ghosting with or    without vision correction.-   (G14) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens provides presbyopia correction with minimal ghosting with or    without far vision correction.-   (G15) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens corrects astigmatism up to 1 Dioptre without substantial use of    rotationally stable toric lens design features.-   (G16) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens corrects astigmatism up to 1 Dioptre without substantial use of    rotationally stable toric lens design features with minimal    ghosting.-   (G17) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, further    comprising a first lens and a second lens wherein the first lens is    biased to substantially optimise distance vision and the second lens    is biased to substantially optimise near vision, and when used    together provide monocular and binocular vision substantially    equivalent to, or better than, an appropriately prescribed    single-vision lens for far visual distance, wherein the pair of    lenses provide stereopsis with minimal ghosting.-   (G18) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average overall visual performance of the lens in use for a    representative sample of the affected population has a overall    vision score of at least 7.8, 8, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8 or 9.-   (G19) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average overall visual performance of the lens in use for a    representative sample of the affected population has a overall    vision score of at least 7.8, 8, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8 or 9.-   (G20) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens in use provides substantially minimal ghosting to    the vision of the user at near and far visual distances.-   (G21) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    substantially equivalent to or better visual performance is    determined at least in part by a visual rating scale of 1 to 10    units.-   (G22) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    substantially equivalent to or better visual performance is    substantially determined by a visual rating scale of 1 to 10 units.-   (G23) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average visual performance of the lens in use for a representative    sample of the affected population has a distance vision score of at    least 8.5, has an intermediate vision score of at least 8.5 and has    a near vision score of at least 7.5.-   (G24) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average visual performance of the lens in use for a representative    sample of the affected population has a distance vision score of at    least 8.0, at least 8.2 or at least 8.4; has an intermediate vision    score of at least 8.0, at least 8.2 or at least 8.4; has a near    vision score of at least 7.0, at least 7.2 or at least 7.4, or    combinations thereof.-   (G25) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens in use provides the average visual performance of    the lens in use for a representative sample of the affected    population provide substantially minimal ghosting to the vision of    the user at near and/or intermediate visual distances.-   (G26) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein    substantial minimal ghosting is defined as a score of less than or    equal to 2.5, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6 or 1.4 on the vision rating ghosting    scale 1 to 10 units utilising the average visual performance of the    lens in use for a representative sample of the affected population.-   (G27) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average overall visual performance of the lens in use for a    representative sample of the affected population has a overall    vision score of at least 7.8, 8, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 8.8 or 9.-   (G28) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    single-vision lens is a lens with a substantially constant power    across a substantial portion of an optic zone of the single-vision    lens.-   (G29) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is used for a presbyopic eye.-   (G30) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is further characterised by minimal, or no, ghosting at near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (G31) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, where in the    substantially continuous distances is continuous.-   (G32) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    single-vision lens is one or more of the following: prescribed,    appropriately prescribed, correctly prescribed and effectively    prescribed.-   (G33) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    single-vision lens is a lens with a substantially constant power    across a substantial portion of an optic zone of the single-vision    lens.-   (G34) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    single-vision lens is a lens with a constant power across a portion    of an optic zone of the single-vision lens.-   (G35) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    single-vision lens is a lens with a substantially constant power    across a portion of one or more optic zones of the single-vision    lens.-   (G36) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is used for a presbyopic eye.-   (G37) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is configured for a presbyopic eye.-   (G38) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is configured to optically correct or substantially correct    presbyopia.-   (G39) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is configured to mitigate or substantially mitigate the optical    consequences of presbyopia.-   (G40) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is configured to alter or substantially alter a presbyopic    condition to a non-presbyopic condition.-   (G41) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is used for at least correcting a presbyopic eye    condition and when used provides an appropriate correction to adjust    the vision of the user towards substantially normal non-presbyopic    vision.-   (G42) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein normal    vision is 6/6 or better.-   (G43) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further characterised by minimal, substantially    no or no, ghosting at near, intermediate and far distances.-   (G44) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further characterised by minimal, substantially    no or no, ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances and far    distances.-   (G45) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide minimal,    substantially no or no, ghosting at near, intermediate and far    distances.-   (G46) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    minimal ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing    at the image plane of the optical system.-   (G47) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    minimal ghosting is a lack of an undesired secondary image appearing    on the retina of the eye.-   (G48) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    minimal ghosting is a lack of an undesired double image appearing on    the retina of the eye.-   (G49) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    minimal ghosting is a lack of false out-of-focus image appearing    along side of the primary image in an optical system.-   (G50) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide a sufficient lack    of ghosting in a portion of near, intermediate and far distances.-   (G51) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide a sufficient lack    of ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances and far    distances.-   (G52) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide a sufficient lack    of ghosting in a portion of two or more of the following: near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (G53) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein lack of    ghosting is lack of undesired image appearing at the image plane of    the optical system.-   (G54) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein lack of    ghosting is a lack of false out of focus images appearing along side    of the primary image in an optical system.-   (G55) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide a sufficient lack    of ghosting in a portion of two or more of the following: near    distances, intermediate distances and far distances.-   (G56) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide the RIQ of at least    0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25 in the near distance range, the    RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33, 0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the    intermediate distance range and the RIQ of at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4,    0.42, 0.45, 0.47, or 0.5 in the far distance range.-   (G57) The multifocal lens of one or more G (examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is further configured to provide two or more of the    following: the RIQ of at least 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.2, 0.225, or 0.25    in the near distance range, the RIQ of at least 0.27, 0.3, 0.33,    0.35, 0.37 or 0.4 in the intermediate distance range and the RIQ of    at least 0.35, 0.37, 0.4, 0.42, 0.45, 0.47, or 0.5 in the far    distance range.-   (G58) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    RIQs are selected in the near, intermediate and far distance ranges    such that the multifocal lens is configured to provide minimal, or    no, ghosting in near, intermediate and far distances.-   (G59) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or    substantially reduce, ghosting at near, intermediate and far    distances.-   (G60) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is configured to substantially eliminate, or    substantially reduce, ghosting at near distances, intermediate    distances and far distances.-   (G61) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm;    intermediate distance is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80    cm or 50 cm to 70 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or    greater, 80 cm or greater or 70 cm or greater.-   (G62) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 33 cm to 50 cm or 40 cm to 50 cm;    intermediate distance is the range of 50 cm to 100 cm, 50 cm to 80    cm or 50 cm to 70 cm; and far distance is the range of 100 cm or    greater, 80 cm or greater or 70 cm or greater and the near,    intermediate and far distances are determined by the distance from    the object being focused on.-   (G63) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is    the range of 50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100    cm or greater.-   (G64) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is    the range of 50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100    cm or greater and the near, intermediate and far distances are    determined by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (G65) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is    the range of 50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100    cm to optical infinity.-   (G66) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein near    distance is the range of 40 cm to 50 cm; intermediate distance is    the range of 50 cm to 100 cm; and far distance is the range of 100    cm to optical infinity and the near, intermediate and far distances    are determined by the distance from the object being focused on.-   (G67) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is configured to minimize, or reduce, ghosting at    near, intermediate and far distances when used on an eye.-   (G68) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens is configured to minimize, or reduce, ghosting at    near distances, intermediate distances and far distances when used    on an eye.-   (G69) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    range of substantially continuous distances is continuous.-   (G70) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    range of substantially continuous distances is continuous and goes    from 40 cm to optical infinity.-   (G71) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    range of substantially continuous distances is from 33 cm to optical    infinity.-   (G72) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is configured such that at least 40%, 50%, 60% or 70% of a    randomly selected group of 15 affected individuals in the near    distances, intermediate distances and far distances perceive    minimal, or no, ghosting at near distances, intermediate distances    and far distances.-   (G73) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is configured such that at least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of a    randomly selected group of 15 affected individuals in the    intermediate distances and far distances perceive minimal, or no,    ghosting at intermediate distances and far distances.-   (G74) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    single vision lens provides a visual acuity for the user of one or    more of the following: at least 20/20, at least 20/30, at least    20/40, at least about 20/20, at least about 20/30 and at least about    20/40, at far visual distances.-   (G75) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two,    two or more, three, three or more, four, four or more, five, five or    more, six, six or more, seven, seven or more, eight, eight or more,    nine, nine or more, ten, or ten or more spherical aberration terms.-   (G76) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two,    three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or at least ten    spherical aberration terms.-   (G77) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and spherical    aberration terms between C(4,0) and C(6,0), C(4,0) and C(8,0),    C(4,0) and C(10,0), C(4,0) and C(12,0), C(4,0) and C(14,0), C(4,0)    and C(16,0), C(4,0) and C(18,0), or C(4,0) and C(20,0).-   (G78) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    single vision lens provides a visual acuity that is the    best-corrected visual acuity.-   (G79) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    best-corrected visual acuity is a visual acuity that cannot be    substantially improved by further manipulating the power of the    single vision lens.-   (G80) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens has two optical surfaces.-   (G81) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    least one aberration profile is along the optical axis of the lens.-   (G82) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens has a focal distance.-   (G83) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile includes higher order aberrations having at least    one of a primary spherical aberration component C(4,0) and a    secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0).-   (G84) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides, for a model eye with no, or    substantially no, aberrations and an on-axis length equal to the    focal distance: the retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus    slope that degrades in a direction of eye growth; and the RIQ of at    least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the    optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6    mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm    to 590 nm inclusive.-   (G85) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides, for a model eye with no, or    substantially no, aberrations and an on-axis length equal to the    focal distance: the retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus    slope that improves in a direction of eye growth; and the RIQ of at    least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured along the    optical axis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6    mm, over a spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree    inclusive and at a wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm    to 590 nm inclusive.-   (G86) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens has an optical axis and an aberration profile about its optical    axis, the aberration profile: having a focal distance; and including    higher order aberrations having at least one of a primary spherical    aberration component C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration    component C(6,0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for a    model eye with no, or substantially no, aberrations and an on-axis    length equal, or substantially equal, to the focal distance: the RIQ    with a through focus slope that degrades in a direction of eye    growth; and the RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual    Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (G87) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens has an optical axis and an aberration profile about its optical    axis, the aberration profile: having a focal distance; and including    higher order aberrations having at least one of a primary spherical    aberration component C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration    component C(6,0), wherein the aberration profile provides, for a    model eye with no, or substantially no, aberrations and an on-axis    length equal, or substantially equal, to the focal distance: the RIQ    with a through focus slope that improves in a direction of eye    growth; and the RIQ of at least 0.3; wherein the RIQ is Visual    Strehl Ratio measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive.-   (G88) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    focal distance is a prescription focal distance for a myopic,    hyperopic, astigmatic, and/or presbyopic eye and wherein the focal    distance differs from the focal distance for a C(2,0) Zernike    coefficient of the aberration profile.-   (G89) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    higher order aberrations include at least two spherical aberration    terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (G90) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    higher order aberrations include at least three spherical aberration    terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (G91) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    higher order aberrations include at least five spherical aberration    terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).-   (G92) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average slope over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20°    degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (G93) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average slope over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20°    improves in a direction of eye growth.-   (G94) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average slope over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20°    degrades in a direction of eye growth.-   (G95) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    average slope over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20°    improves in a direction of eye growth.-   (G96) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    slope for a substantial portion of the field angles over a    horizontal field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of    eye growth.-   (G97) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    substantial portion of the field angles over a horizontal field is    at least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the field angles.-   (G98) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    substantial portion of the field angles over a horizontal field is    every field angle.-   (G99) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    slope for a substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical    field of at least −20° to +20° degrades in a direction of eye    growth.-   (G100) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical field is    every angle.-   (G101) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    substantial portion of the field angles over a vertical field is at    least 75%, 85%, 95% or 99% of the field angles.-   (G102) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal    length for a substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 3    mm to 6 mm.-   (G103) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ of at least 0.3 at the focal    length for a substantial portion of pupil diameters in the range 4    mm to 5 mm.-   (G104) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that    degrades in a direction of eye growth when primary or secondary    astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.-   (G105) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that    improves in a direction of eye growth when primary or secondary    astigmatism is added to the aberration profile.-   (G106) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    primary or secondary astigmatism is added to the desired aberration    profile by altering one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2),    C(2,2), C(4,−2), C(4,2), C(6,−2), and/or C(6,2).-   (G107) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile provides the RIQ with a through focus slope that    degrades in a direction of eye growth when secondary astigmatism is    added to the aberration profile.-   (G108) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    secondary astigmatism is added to the desired aberration profile by    altering one or more of the following terms: C(2,−2), C(2,2),    C(4,−2), C(4,2), C(6,−2), and/or C(6,2).-   (G109) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    RIQ is characterised by

${{RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}},$

wherein:

-   -   Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30 cycles/degree;    -   CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity function    -   CSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e^(−(0.114f)^1.1),    -   where f specifies the tested spatial frequency, in the range of        F_(min) to F_(max);    -   FT denotes a 2D fast Fourier transform;    -   A(ρ,θ) denotes the pupil diameter;    -   W(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the test case measured for i=1        to 20

${{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}};$

-   -   Wdiff(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited        case;    -   ρ and θ are normalised polar coordinates, where p represents the        radial coordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or        azimuth; and    -   λ denotes wavelength.

-   (G110) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens includes an optical axis and an aberration profile    along the optical axis that provides: a focal distance for a C(2,0)    Zernike coefficient term; a peak Visual Strehl Ratio (‘first Visual    Strehl Ratio’) within a through focus range, and a Visual Strehl    Ratio that remains at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range that includes said focal distance, wherein the    Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for a model eye with no, or    substantially no, aberration and is measured along the optical axis    for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over a    spatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a    wavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm    inclusive, and wherein the first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least    0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1 and the through    focus range is at least 1.8 Dioptres.

-   (G111) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    multifocal lens includes an optical axis and an aberration profile    along the optical axis that provides: a focal distance for a C(2,0)    Zernike coefficient term; a peak Visual Strehl Ratio (‘first Visual    Strehl Ratio’) within a through focus range, and a Visual Strehl    Ratio that remains at or above a second Visual Strehl Ratio over the    through focus range that includes said focal distance, wherein the    Visual Strehl Ratio is measured for a model eye with no aberration    and is measured along the optical axis for at least one pupil    diameter in the range 3 mm to 5 mm, over a spatial frequency range    of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive, at a wavelength selected from    within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive, and wherein the first    Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.35, the second Visual Strehl Ratio    is at least 0.1 and the through focus range is at least 1.8    Dioptres.

-   (G112) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    first Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7    or 0.8.

-   (G113) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    second Visual Strehl Ratio is at least 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 or 0.2.

-   (G114) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    through focus range is at least 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1; 2.25 or 2.5    Dioptres.

-   (G115) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens has a prescription focal distance located within 0.75, 0.5,    0.3, or 0.25 Dioptres, inclusive, of an end of the through focus    range.

-   (G116) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    end of the through focus range is the negative power end.

-   (G117) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    end of the through focus range is the positive power end.

-   (G118) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    Visual Strehl Ratio remains at or above the second Visual Strehl    Ratio over the through focus range and over a range of pupil    diameters of at least 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, or 3 mm.

-   (G119) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    combination of higher order aberrations includes at least one of    primary spherical aberration and secondary spherical aberration.

-   (G120) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    higher order aberrations include at least two, three, or five    spherical aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to    C(20,0).

-   (G121) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    aberration profile can be substantially characterised using    spherical aberration Zernike coefficients C(4,0) to C(20,0).

-   (G122) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    RIQ for a substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field    of at least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least    0.4.

-   (G123) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    RIQ for a substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field    of at least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least    0.35.

-   (G124) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    RIQ for a substantial portion of the angles over a horizontal field    of at least −10° to +10°, −20° to +20° or −30° to +30° is at least    0.3.

-   (G125) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is one or more of the following: contact lens, corneal onlays,    corneal inlays, anterior chamber intraocular lens or posterior    chamber intraocular lens.

-   (G126) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    lens is one of the following: contact lens, corneal onlays, corneal    inlays, anterior chamber intraocular lens or posterior chamber    intraocular lens.

-   (G127) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein a    first multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of the G    examples and a second multifocal lens is provided based on one or    more of the G examples to form a pair of lenses.

-   (G128) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein the    first multifocal lens is provided based on one or more of the G    examples and a second lens is provided to form a pair of lenses.

-   (G129) The multifocal lens of one or more G examples, wherein a pair    of multifocal lenses are provided for use by an individual to    substantially correct the individual's vision.

-   (G130) The lens of one or more G examples, wherein the lens does not    substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the lens.

-   (G131) The lens of one or more G examples, wherein the amount of    light passing through the lens is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or    99%.

-   (G132) A method for making or using one or more of the multifocal    lenses of one or more G examples.

Example Set H

-   (H1) A system of lenses comprising: a series of lenses, wherein the    lenses in the series of lenses have the following properties: at    least two spherical aberration terms selected at least in part from    a group comprising spherical aberration coefficients from C(4,0) to    C(20,0), that provides correction of astigmatism up to 1 Dioptre    without substantial use of rotationally stable toric lens design    features; and wherein the lenses in the series of lenses eliminate    the need for maintaining additional inventory for astigmatic    corrections relating to cylinder powers of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 D,    resulting in a reduction of stock keeping units by at least six,    eight, twelve, sixteen, eighteen, thirty six, fifty-four or 108    times for each sphere power.

Example Set J

-   (J1) A multifocal lens for an eye comprising: at least one optical    axis; at least one wavefront aberration profile associated with the    optical axis and the prescription focal power of the lens; wherein,    the multifocal lens is configured to expand the depth-of-focus of    the eye by altering the retinal image quality over a range of    distances via manipulation of the at least one wavefront aberration    profile for the eye.-   (J2) A multifocal lens for an eye comprising: at least one optical    axis; at least one wavefront aberration profile associated with the    optical axis and the aberration profile is comprised of at least two    spherical aberration terms and the prescription focal power of the    lens; wherein the lens is configured such that the lens expands the    depth-of-focus of the eye by altering the retinal image quality over    a range of distances via manipulation of at least one wavefront    aberration profile for the eye.-   (J3) A multifocal lens for an eye comprising: at least one optical    axis; at least one wavefront aberration profile associated with the    optical axis, and the aberration profile is comprised of: at least    two spherical aberration selected at least in part from a group    comprising Zernike coefficients C(4,0) to C(20,0), and a    prescription focal power of the lens that may be provided at least    in part by C(2,0) Zernike coefficient term either with, or without,    one or more prescription offset terms; wherein, the multifocal lens    is configured to expand the depth-of-focus of the eye by improving    the retinal image quality over a range of distances via manipulation    of the at least one wavefront aberration profile.-   (J4) The lens of one or more J examples, wherein the lens does not    substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the lens.-   (J5) The lens of one or more J examples, wherein the amount of light    passing through the lens is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99%.

Example Set K

-   (K1) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is characterised upon testing by a function that is non-monotonic    over a/substantial portion of the half-chord optical zone of the    lens.-   (K2) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is characterised by a function that is non-monotonic over a    substantial portion of the half-chord optical zone of the lens.-   (K3) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is characterised by a function that is aperiodic over a substantial    portion of the half-chord optical zone of the lens.-   (K4) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is characterised upon testing by a function that is aperiodic over a    substantial portion of the half-chord optical zone of the lens.-   (K5) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is characterised by a function that is aperiodic and non-monotonic    over a substantial portion of the half-chord optical zone of the    lens.-   (K6) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is characterised upon testing by a function that is aperiodic and    non-monotonic over a substantial portion of the half-chord optical    zone of the lens.-   (K7) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is configured such that the power profile is non-monotonic over a    substantial portion of the half-chord optical zone of the lens.-   (K8) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is configured such that the power profile is aperiodic over a    substantial portion of the half-chord optical zone of the lens.-   (K9) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is configured such that the power profile is aperiodic and    non-monotonic over a substantial portion of the half-chord optical    zone of the lens.-   (K10) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces; and    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is configured such that the absolute of a first derivative of the    power profile has at least 5 peaks whose absolute amplitude is    greater than 0.025 with units of 1D per 0.01 mm along its    half-chord.-   (K11) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces; and    wherein the lens has at least one power profile, the power profile    is characterised such that the absolute of a first derivative of the    power profile has at least 5 peaks whose absolute amplitude is    greater than 0.025 with units of 1D per 0.01 mm along its    half-chord.-   (K12) The multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two    surfaces; and wherein the multifocal lens has a power profile such    that an absolute of a first derivative of the power profile, as a    function of half-chord diameter, has at least 5 peaks whose absolute    amplitude is greater than 0.025 with units of 1D per 0.01 mm along    its half-chord diameter.-   (K13) The lens of one or more of K examples, wherein the lens is    configured at least in part on an aberration profile associated with    the optical axis.-   (K14) The lens of one or more of K examples, wherein the lens has an    aberration profile comprised of a defocus term and at least two    spherical aberration terms.-   (K15) The lens of one or more of K examples, wherein the lens is a    multifocal or bifocal. K15 The lens of one or more of K examples,    wherein the substantial portion of the half-chord is 50%, 60%, 70%,    80%, 90% or 95% of the half-chord.-   (K16) A method of characterising lens power profile comprising the    steps of: measuring the spatially resolved power profile; computing    a first derivative of the power profile; and analysing or describing    the power profile as a first derivative of the power profile.-   (K17) The method of one or more of K examples, wherein the first of    derivative of the power profile is an absolute of the first    derivative of the power profile.-   (K18) A method of characterising lens power profile comprising the    steps of: measuring the power profile; computing a Fourier transform    of the power profile; and describing the power profile as a Fourier    spectrum, wherein a normalised absolute amplitude of the Fourier    transform of the power profile is greater than 0.2 at one or more    spatial frequencies at or above 1.25 cycles per millimeter.-   (K19) The method of one more K examples, wherein the Fourier    spectrum of the power profile is the amplitude of the Fourier    spectrum.-   (K20) The method of one more K examples, wherein the Fourier    spectrum of the power profile is the phase of the Fourier spectrum.-   (K21) The method of one more K examples, wherein the Fourier    spectrum is an absolute of the Fourier spectrum.-   (K22) The method of one more K examples, wherein the Fourier    spectrum is a real of the Fourier spectrum.-   (K23) The method of one more K examples, wherein the Fourier    spectrum is a normalised absolute of the Fourier spectrum.-   (K24) A lens comprising: an optical axis; at least two surfaces;    wherein the lens has at least one power profile that is    characterised by a normalised absolute amplitude of the Fourier    transform of the power profile that is greater than 0.2 at one or    more spatial frequencies at or above 1.25 cycles per millimeter.-   (K25) The lens of one or more K examples, wherein the lens does not    substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the lens.-   (K26) The lens of one or more K examples, wherein the amount of    light passing through the lens is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or    99%.

Example Set L

-   (L1) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; an effective    near addition power of at least 1 D; an optic zone associated with    the optical axis with an aberration profile; wherein the aberration    profile is comprised of at least two spherical aberration terms; and    the multifocal lens is configured to provide minimal ghosting along    a range of visual distances, including near, intermediate and far    distances.-   (L2) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein minimal    ghosting is an average rating of two or less for a group of at least    15 subjects on a 1 to 10 visual analogue scale.-   (L3) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein minimal    ghosting is an average rating of two or less for a group of at least    15 subjects on a 1 to 10 visual analogue scale, wherein the at least    15 subjects are selected from a representative population of    individuals with one or more of the following conditions: myopia,    hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia.-   (L4) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein minimal    ghosting is an average rating of two or less for a group of at least    15 subjects on a 1 to 10 visual analogue scale, wherein the at least    15 subjects are selected from a representative population of    emmetropic non-presbyopes.-   (L5) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein minimal    ghosting is a score of less than or equal to 2.4, 2.2, 2, 1.8, 1.6    or 1.4 on the vision analogue rating scale 1 to 10 units utilising    the average visual performance of the lens in use on a sample of    people needing vision correction and/or therapy, for one or more of    the following: myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, emmetropia and    presbyopia.-   (L6) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at least    30% of the individuals tested report no ghosting at near visual    distances and far visual distances.-   (L7) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at least    30% of the individuals tested report no ghosting for visual    distances along a range of substantially continuous visual    distances, including near, intermediate and far distances.-   (L8) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at least    40% of the individuals tested report no ghosting at near visual    distances and far visual distances.-   (L9) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at least    40% of the individuals tested report no ghosting at near,    intermediate and far distances.-   (L10) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 40% of the individuals tested report a rating of less than two    for ghosting at both near and far visual distances reported.-   (L11) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens include an aberration profile    associated with the optical axis; the aberration profile is    comprised of a defocus term and at least two spherical aberration    terms; and an effective additional power of at least 1D; the    multifocal lens is configured to provide: an average rating of at    least 9 for distance vision on a visual analogue scale of 1 to 10;    an average rating of at least 8.5 for intermediate vision on the    visual analogue scale; an average rating of at least 7.5 for near    vision on the visual analogue scale; an average rating of less than    2 for ghosting for far vision on the visual analogue scale; an    average rating of less than 2 for ghosting for near vision on the    visual analogue scale; and when tested on a sample of at least 15    participants who are correctable to at least 6/6 or better in both    eyes and have an astigmatism of less than 1.5D and who are selected    from an affected population.-   (L12) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens include an aberration profile    associated with the optical axis; the aberration profile is    comprised of a defocus term and at least two spherical aberration    terms; and an effective additional power of at least 1D; the    multifocal lens is configured to provide: at least 60% of the    individuals tested for far visual distances report a score of    greater than 9 on a visual analogue scale ranging between 1 and 10;    at least 50% of the individuals tested for intermediate visual    distances report a score of greater than 9 on the visual analogue    scale; at least 30% of the individuals tested for near visual    distances report a score of greater than 9 on the visual analogue    scale; below 15% of the individuals tested for ghosting at distance    report a score of less than 3 on the visual analogue scale; at least    40% of the individuals tested for ghosting at either distance or    near report a score of less than 2 on the visual analogue scale; and    at least 25% of the individuals tested report a score of greater    than 9 on the visual analogue scale for cumulative vision    encompassing distance, intermediate, near, lack of ghosting at    distance, and lack of ghosting at near.-   (L13) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 30% of the individuals tested report a score of greater than 9    on the visual analogue scale for cumulative vision encompassing    distance, intermediate, near, lack of ghosting at distance, and lack    of ghosting at near.-   (L14) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 35% of the individuals tested report a score of greater than 9    on the visual analogue scale for cumulative vision encompassing    distance, intermediate, near, lack of ghosting at distance, and lack    of ghosting at near.-   (L15) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 40% of the individuals tested report a score of greater than 9    on the visual analogue scale for cumulative vision encompassing    distance, intermediate, near, lack of ghosting at distance, and lack    of ghosting at near.-   (L16) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 55% of the individuals tested for intermediate visual    distances report a score of greater than 9 on a visual analogue    scale ranging between 1 and 10.-   (L17) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 35% of the individuals tested for near visual distances report    a score of greater than 9 on the visual analogue scale ranging    between 1 and 10.-   (L18) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 40% of the individuals tested for near visual distances report    a score of greater than 9 on the visual analogue scale ranging    between 1 and 10.-   (L19) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 45% of the individuals tested for near visual distances report    a score of greater than 9 on the visual analogue scale ranging    between 1 and 10.-   (L20) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 30% of the individuals tested report a score of greater than 9    on the visual analogue scale for cumulative vision encompassing    distance, intermediate, near, lack of ghosting at distance, and lack    of ghosting at near.-   (L21) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 30% of the individuals tested report a score of greater than 9    on the visual analogue scale for cumulative vision encompassing    distance, intermediate, near, lack of ghosting at distance, and lack    of ghosting at near.-   (L22) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 35% of the individuals tested report a score of greater than 9    on the visual analogue scale for cumulative vision encompassing    distance, intermediate, near, lack of ghosting at distance, and lack    of ghosting at near.-   (L23) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 40% of the individuals tested report a score of greater than 9    on the visual analogue scale for cumulative vision encompassing    distance, intermediate, near, lack of ghosting at distance, and lack    of ghosting at near.-   (L24) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 45% of the individuals tested report a score of greater than 9    on the visual analogue scale for cumulative vision encompassing    distance, intermediate, near, lack of ghosting at distance, and lack    of ghosting at near.-   (L25) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 45% of the individuals tested for ghosting at either distance    or near report a score of less than 2 on the visual analogue, scale.-   (L26) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 50% of the individuals tested for ghosting at either distance    or near report a score of less than 2 on the visual analogue scale.-   (L27) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 55% of the individuals tested for ghosting at either distance    or near report a score of less than 2 on the visual analogue scale.-   (L28) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein at    least 60% of the individuals tested for ghosting at either distance    or near report a score of less than 2 on the visual analogue scale.-   (L29) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens include an aberration profile    associated with the optical axis; the aberration profile is    comprised of a defocus term and at least two spherical aberration    terms; and an effective additional power of at least 1 D; the    multifocal lens is configured to provide: an average visual acuity    for far visual distances of at least 0.00 on a Log MAR visual acuity    chart; an average visual acuity for intermediate visual distances at    least 0.00 on a Log MAR visual acuity chart; an average visual    acuity for near visual distances at least 0.02 on a Log MAR visual    acuity chart; an average rating of less than 2 for ghosting for far    vision on the visual analogue scale; an average rating of less than    2 for ghosting for near vision on the visual analogue scale; and    when tested on a sample of at least 15 participants who are    correctable to at least 6/6 visual acuity or better in both eyes and    have an astigmatism of less than 1.5 D.-   (L30) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein the    multifocal lens has an effective additional power of at least 1.25    D.-   (L31) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein the    multifocal lens has an effective additional power of at least 1.5 D.-   (L32) The lens of one or more L examples, wherein the lens does not    substantially reduce the amount of light passing through the lens.-   (L33) The lens of one or more L examples, wherein the amount of    light passing through the lens is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or    99%.-   (L34) The multifocal lens of one or more L examples, wherein the    participants are selected from an affected population.-   (L35) A multifocal lens comprising: an optical axis; the optical    properties of the multifocal lens are configured or described based    on an aberration profile associated with the optical axis; the    aberration profile is comprised of a defocus term and at least two    spherical aberration terms; and the multifocal lens is configured to    provide: an average subjective visual rating of at least 9 for    distance vision on a visual analogue scale; an average subjective    visual rating of at least 9 for intermediate vision on a visual    analogue scale; an average subjective visual rating of at least 7.5    for near vision on a visual analogue scale; an average subjective    visual rating of less than 2 for far vision on a ghosting analogue    scale; and/or an average subjective visual rating of less than 2 for    near vision on a ghosting analogue scale; when tested on a sample of    at least 15 participants randomly selected from an affected    population.

It will be understood that the inventions disclosed and defined in thisspecification extends to alternative combinations of two or more of theindividual features mentioned or evident from the text or drawings.These different combinations constitute various alternative aspects ofthe embodiments disclosed.

Section 24

APPENDIX A example combinations of spherical aberration Combination C(2,0) C(4,0) C(6,0) C(8,0) C(10,0) C(12,0) C(14,0) C(16,0) C(18,0)C(20,0) No Aberr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −0.125 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0 −0.100 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 3 0 −0.100 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0004 0 −0.100 0.025 0.075 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.000 5 0 −0.075−0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 0 −0.075 −0.025 0.0500.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025 0.000 7 0 −0.050 −0.075 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8 0 −0.050 −0.050 0.050 0.025 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 9 0 −0.050 −0.025 0.050 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.0000.025 0.025 10 0 −0.025 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00011 0 −0.025 −0.025 0.050 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025 0.025 12 00.000 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13 0 0.000 −0.0750.050 0.025 0.000 0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.000 14 0 0.000 −0.050 0.000−0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 15 0 0.000 −0.050 0.050 0.025−0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025 16 0 0.000 −0.025 0.075 0.000 −0.0250.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 17 0 0.025 −0.075 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.0250.025 0.000 0.000 18 0 0.025 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 19 0 0.025 −0.075 0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025 200 0.025 −0.075 0.050 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 21 0 0.025−0.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22 0 0.025 −0.050 0.0500.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025 0.025 23 0 0.025 −0.050 0.050 0.0250.000 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 24 0 0.025 −0.025 0.075 0.000 −0.0250.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 25 0 0.050 −0.075 0.000 0.000 −0.025 0.000 0.0000.025 0.025 26 0 0.050 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00027 0 0.050 −0.075 0.025 0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 −0.025 0.000 28 0 0.050−0.075 0.025 0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.025 29 0 0.050 −0.0750.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 30 0 0.050 −0.075 0.0250.025 0.000 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 31 0 0.050 −0.050 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32 0 0.050 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.0250.025 0.000 −0.025 33 0 0.050 −0.025 0.075 0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.0250.025 0.025 34 0 0.075 0.050 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00035 0 0.075 −0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 36 0 0.075−0.075 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 37 0 0.075 −0.0750.000 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 38 0 0.075 −0.075 0.0000.000 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 39 0 0.075 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 40 0 0.075 −0.075 0.000 0.025 −0.025 −0.0250.000 0.000 0.000 41 0 0.075 −0.075 0.000 0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 42 0 0.075 −0.050 −0.050 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.000 −0.025 430 0.075 −0.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 44 0 0.075−0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 45 0 0.075 −0.025 0.0500.000 −0.025 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 46 0 0.100 −0.075 −0.050 −0.0250.000 0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 47 0 0.100 −0.075 −0.050 0.000 0.0000.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 48 0 0.100 −0.075 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 49 0 0.100 −0.075 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.000 0.0000.000 50 0 0.100 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 51 00.100 −0.075 0.000 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 0.000 52 0 0.100−0.050 −0.050 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 53 0 0.100 −0.050−0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.000 54 0 0.100 −0.050 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 55 0 0.100 −0.050 0.000 0.000 0.0000.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 56 0 0.100 −0.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.0250.025 0.025 57 0 0.100 −0.050 0.000 0.025 0.025 0.000 −0.025 −0.025−0.025 58 0 0.100 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 59 00.100 −0.025 0.000 0.025 0.025 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 60 0 0.100−0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 61 0 0.100 0.0000.000 −0.025 0.000 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 62 0 0.100 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 63 0 0.100 0.000 0.050 0.000 −0.025 0.0250.000 −0.025 0.000 64 0 0.125 −0.075 −0.075 −0.025 0.000 0.025 0.025−0.025 −0.025 65 0 0.125 −0.075 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 66 0 0.125 −0.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 67 00.125 −0.050 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 68 0 0.125−0.050 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 69 0 0.125 −0.050−0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 70 0 0.125 −0.050 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 71 0 0.125 −0.050 0.000 0.025 0.025 0.0250.000 0.000 0.000 72 0 0.125 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000−0.025 −0.025 73 0 0.125 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 74 0 0.125 −0.025 0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 75 00.125 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 76 0 0.125 −0.0250.025 0.025 0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 77 0 0.125 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0:000 78 0 0.125 0.000 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.0250.000 −0.025 −0.025

Section 25

APPENDIX B through focus RIQ for combinations of spherical aberration inAppendix A Combination −1.50 −1.25 −1.00 −0.75 −0.50 −0.25 0.00 0.250.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 No Aberr 0.024 0.040 0.073 0.148 0.307 0.7091.000 0.709 0.307 0.148 0.073 0.040 0.024  1 0.089 0.135 0.192 0.2430.304 0.434 0.606 0.667 0.542 0.329 0.152 0.056 0.021  2 0.084 0.1310.196 0.265 0.346 0.482 0.643 0.676 0.514 0.281 0.113 0.036 0.012  30.028 0.053 0.115 0.258 0.473 0.628 0.648 0.595 0.479 0.310 0.161 0.0710.028  4 0.039 0.067 0.153 0.313 0.458 0.493 0.477 0.492 0.470 0.3610.220 0.112 0.052  5 0.082 0.128 0.198 0.281 0.384 0.532 0.675 0.6750.481 0.236 0.080 0.021 0.006  6 0.100 0.129 0.157 0.246 0.402 0.5140.542 0.559 0.515 0.338 0.146 0.051 0.024  7 0.083 0.129 0.199 0.2890.412 0.576 0.704 0.666 0.445 0.196 0.054 0.010 0.002  8 0.069 0.1050.176 0.305 0.479 0.603 0.614 0.565 0.454 0.262 0.099 0.030 0.010  90.124 0.168 0.181 0.212 0.338 0.502 0.579 0.579 0.508 0.319 0.117 0.0270.016 10 0.089 0.133 0.201 0.293 0.425 0.607 0.730 0.656 0.409 0.1610.034 0.003 0.001 11 0.104 0.159 0.199 0.247 0.359 0.508 0.581 0.5700.502 0.326 0.125 0.035 0.023 12 0.098 0.141 0.206 0.293 0.423 0.6180.749 0.649 0.377 0.134 0.021 0.001 0.002 13 0.157 0.206 0.250 0.2820.354 0.482 0.542 0.480 0.364 0.232 0.120 0.060 0.032 14 0.092 0.1840.314. 0.371 0.390 0.505 0.592 0.481 0.297 0.204 0.161 0.097 0.041 150.153 0.215 0.247 0.261 0.324 0.453 0.533 0.514 0.447 0.307 0.129 0.0380.025 16 0.152 0.207 0.237 0.260 0.363 0.509 0.531 0.442 0.363 0.2650.137 0.056 0.029 17 0.158 0.218 0.286 0.308 0.324 0.457 0.611 0.5640.352 0.181 0.101 0.048 0.011 18 0.111 0.152 0.213 0.293 0.410 0.6040.754 0.650 0.356 0.113 0.013 0.004 0.004 19 0.168 0.205 0.235 0.2850.367 0.476 0.539 0.482 0.365 0.253 0.138 0.052 0.023 20 0.161 0.2020.237 0.282 0.361 0.468 0.518 0.465 0.378 0.267 0.124 0.038 0.019 210.081 0.116 0.174 0.255 0.405 0.680 0.878 0.715 0.342 0.093 0.015 0.0020.001 22 0.151 0.212 0.253 0.256 0.304 0.463 0.584 0.514 0.360 0.2230.095 0.016 0.003 23 0.153 0.205 0.242 0.255 0.316 0.493 0.638 0.5630.363 0.201 0.096 0.041 0.023 24 0.159 0.214 0.250 0.256 0.322 0.4760.548 0.465 0.357 0.251 0.127 0.046 0.021 25 0.158 0.201 0.231 0.2530.312 0.472 0.648 0.612 0.359 0.141 0.075 0.067 0.043 26 0.126 0.1660.222 0.293 0.388 0.567 0.739 0.657 0.350 0.099 0.008 0.005 0.006 270.161 0.203 0.236 0.253 0.304 0.475 0.648 0.593 0.370 0.190 0.091 0.0390.015 28 0.164 0.201 0.226 0.253 0.323 0.472 0.604 0.547 0.352 0.1970.112 0.058 0.031 29 0.171 0.206 0.240 0.274 0.328 0.463 0.608 0.5640.362 0.193 0.094 0.036 0.012 30 0.171 0.206 0.231 0.259 0.326 0.4750.626 0.589 0.363 0.150 0.057 0.031 0.015 31 0.097 0.135 0.192 0.2680.389 0.628 0.848 0.728 0.347 0.078 0.006 0.001 0.003 32 0.074 0.1340.238 0.370 0.462 0.553 0.624 0.516 0.286 0.156 0.129 0.096 0.052 330.159 0.212 0.245 0.251 0.305 0.461 0.564 0.496 0.375 0.264 0.138 0.0480.019 34 0.022 0.044 0.114 0.279 0.496 0.623 0.634 0.591 0.479 0.3100.160 0.069 0.030 35 0.161 0.200 0.244 0.318 0.404 0.493 0.584 0.5500.352 0.162 0.072 0.032 0.009 36 0.151 0.217 0.289 0.353 0.390 0.4550.568 0.563 0.373 0.173 0.080 0.042 0.013 37 0.151 0.206 0.264 0.3040.336 0.450 0.630 0.628 0.372 0.127 0.038 0.014 0.004 38 0.164 0.2110.254 0.279 0.309 0.455 0.681 0.686 0.400 0.126 0.027 0.011 0.005 390.142 0.181 0.232 0.292 0.364 0.512 0.699 0.664 0.364 0.097 0.005 0.0060.008 40 0.155 0.222 0.286 0.331 0.369 0.465 0.601 0.579 0.365 0.1720.085 0.037 0.008 41 0.151 0.204 0.251 0.282 0.320 0.459 0.661 0.6590.405 0.163 0.062 0.031 0.018 42 0.118 0.171 0.252 0.367 0.460 0.5060.539 0.496 0.329 0.166 0.098 0.069 0.035 43 0.115 0.156 0.212 0.2830.376 0.563 0.784 0.729 0.371 0.080 0.001 0.003 0.005 44 0.086 0.1260.186 0.272 0.392 0.602 0.826 0.761 0.391 0.094 0.012 0.005 0.001 450.153 0.203 0.257 0.284 0.316 0.452 0.609 0.566 0.367 0.207 0.104 0.0350.011 46 0.180 0.256 0.316 0.408 0.497 0.493 0.427 0.336 0.212 0.1220.109 0.104 0.064 47 0.171 0.253 0.325 0.407 0.458 0.443 0.429 0.4000.289 0.173 0.131 0.112 0.066 48 0.151 0.211 0.281 0.358 0.417 0.4700.566 0.585 0.397 0.155 0.035 0.004 0.004 49 0.155 0.203 0.255 0.3300.407 0.472 0.560 0.561 0.375 0.168 0.075 0.042 0.018 50 0.159 0.1970.240 0.289 0.339 0.449 0.636 0.663 0.396 0.110 0.005 0.007 0.009 510.185 0.272 0.360 0.392 0.353 0.357 0.461 0.486 0.330 0.168 0.108 0.0770.037 52 0.096 0.141 0.222 0.351 0.472 0.508 0.515 0.524 0.412 0.1960.057 0.024 0.021 53 0.158 0.206 0.242 0.306 0.392 0.462 0.534 0.5330.381 0.208 0.116 0.063 0.025 54 0.134 0.177 0.231 0.296 0.365 0.4940.694 0.710 0.409 0.101 0.001 0.004 0.007 55 0.152 0.204 0.259 0.3160.366 0.464 0.626 0.630 0.369 0.110 0.031 0.028 0.016 56 0.161 0.2070.253 0.290 0.338 0.458 0.619 0.607 0.360 0.117 0.033 0.027 0.022 570.143 0.197 0.268 0.357 0.426 0.471 0.522 0.486 0.298 0.128 0.086 0.0780.044 58 0.105 0.151 0.214 0.299 0.398 0.542 0.721 0.717 0.423 0.1230.017 0.003 0.003 59 0.110 0.169 0.259 0.371 0.457 0.518 0.571 0.5150.302 0.113 0.068 0.073 0.053 60 0.158 0.202 0.246 0.308 0.374 0.4550.553 0.536 0.366 0.196 0.093 0.030 0.008 61 0.118 0.160 0.205 0.2840.407 0.520 0.588 0.569 0.421 0.224 0.088 0.026 0.007 62 0.076 0.1190.189 0.297 0.437 0.593 0.722 0.683 0.425 0.165 0.053 0.021 0.006 630.156 0.207 0.243 0.258 0.318 0.460 0.563 0.511 0.364 0.236 0.140 0.0750.044 64 0.194 0.280 0.335 0.402 0.502 0.516 0.402 0.272 0.179 0.1240.113 0.113 0.086 65 0.155 0.251 0.353 0.432 0.463 0.418 0.355 0.3680.387 0.303 0.163 0.062 0.021 66 0.175 0.210 0.246 0.284 0.316 0.3850.554 0.643 0.439 0.141 0.009 0.008 0.010 67 0.163 0.214 0.265 0.3280.402 0.466 0.529 0.536 0.389 0.186 0.072 0.031 0.009 68 0.163 0.2010.232 0.294 0.397 0.476 0.522 0.506 0.365 0.192 0.103 0.062 0.031 690.157 0.220 0.281 0.355 0.428 0.468 0.519 0.533 0.375 0.160 0.065 0.0500.032 70 0.153 0.198 0.248 0.304 0.354 0.431 0.590 0.664 0.449 0.1430.010 0.005 0.008 71 0.153 0.201 0.261 0.343 0.412 0.458 0.535 0.5520.372 0.143 0.051 0.040 0.024 72 0.151 0.207 0.259 0.316 0.391 0.4660.517 0.487 0.353 0.210 0.114 0.042 0.006 73 0.126 0.176 0.241 0.3200.401 0.489 0.609 0.645 0.446 0.168 0.033 0.005 0.004 74 0.161 0.2030.237 0.270 0.333 0.456 0.608 0.618 0.406 0.179 0.081 0.038 0.010 750.159 0.202 0.243 0.289 0.349 0.456 0.592 0.584 0.367 0.145 0.046 0.0100.003 76 0.076 0.148 0.260 0.351 0.375 0.411 0.515 0.518 0.321 0.1340.082 0.053 0.008 77 0.096 0.147 0.224 0.329 0.451 0.554 0.619 0.5950.422 0.202 0.074 0.027 0.007 78 0.160 0.216 0.272 0.318 0.372 0.4340.455 0.411 0.344 0.276 0.169 0.060 0.018

Section 26

APPENDIX C example combinations of spherical aberration Combination C(2,0) C(4,0) C(6,0) C(8,0) C(10,0) C(12,0) C(14,0) C(16,0) C(18,0)C(20,0) No Aberr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 0 −0.125 −0.075 0.000 0.025−0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 −0.025 102 0 −0.125 −0.050 0.000 0.025 0.000−0.025 0.025 0.000 −0.025 103 0 −0.125 −0.050 0.000 0.025 0.000 −0.0250.025 0.025 −0.025 104 0 −0.125 −0.050 0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.0250.000 −0.025 105 0 −0.125 −0.050 0.050 0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025 −0.025−0.025 106 0 −0.125 −0.050 0.050 0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025107 0 −0.125 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025 0.000 108 0−0.125 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 109 0 −0.125−0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.025 0.025 110 0 −0.125 −0.0250.000 0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 111 0 −0.125 −0.025 0.0000.025 0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025 0.000 112 0 −0.125 −0.025 0.000 0.0250.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 0.000 113 0 −0.125 −0.025 0.025 0.025 0.000−0.025 0.025 0.025 −0.025 114 0 −0.125 −0.025 0.075 0.025 −0.025 0.0250.000 0.000 0.025 115 0 −0.125 0.000 0.050 0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.0250.025 −0.025 116 0 −0.125 0.000 0.075 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000−0.025 117 0 −0.125 0.050 0.075 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 −0.025 1180 −0.125 0.075 0.075 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 119 0 −0.100−0.075 −0.050 0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 120 0 −0.100 −0.050−0.050 0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 121 0 −0.100 −0.050 −0.0250.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 122 0 −0.100 −0.025 −0.050 0.0250.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 123 0 −0.100 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.025−0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 124 0 −0.100 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 −0.025−0.025 0.025 0.000 125 0 −0.100 0.050 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025−0.025 0.000 126 0 −0.100 0.075 0.075 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.0000.000 127 0 −0.100 0.075 0.075 0.000 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025128 0 −0.100 0.075 0.075 0.000 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 129 0−0.075 0.025 0.075 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 130 0 −0.0750.050 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.000 0.025 131 0 −0.075 0.0500.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.025 0.025 132 0 −0.075 0.050 0.0750.025 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 133 0 −0.075 0.050 0.075 0.0250.000 −0.025 0.025 0.000 −0.025 134 0 −0.075 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025−0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 135 0 −0.075 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025−0.025 0.000 0.025 136 0 −0.075 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 −0.0250.025 0.025 137 0 −0.075 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.0000.025 138 0 −0.075 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 1390 −0.075 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.025 0.025 140 0 −0.050−0.050 −0.075 0.025 0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 141 0 −0.050 0.0500.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.000 0.025 142 0 −0.050 0.050 0.075−0.025 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.025 0.025 143 0 −0.050 0.050 0.075 0.025−0.025 −0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 144 0 −0.050 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025−0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.025 145 0 −0.050 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.0250.000 0.000 0.025 146 0 −0.050 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.0000.025 0.025 147 0 −0.025 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.0000.025 148 0 −0.025 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.025 0.025 1490 0.000 0.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.025 150 0 0.0000.075 0.075 −0.025 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.025 0.025 151 0 0.025 −0.050−0.075 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 152 0 0.050 0.075 −0.050−0.025 0.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 153 0 0.075 0.075 −0.050 0.0000.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 −0.025 154 0 0.100 0.050 −0.075 −0.025 0.000−0.025 0.025 0.000 0.000 155 0 0.100 0.050 −0.075 −0.025 0.025 0.0000.025 0.000 −0.025 156 0 0.100 0.050 −0.075 −0.025 0.025 0.025 0.0250.025 0.000 157 0 0.100 0.050 −0.075 0.000 0.025 0.000 0.000 −0.025−0.025 158 0 0.100 0.075 −0.075 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000159 0 0.100 0.075 −0.075 −0.025 0.025 0.000 0.025 0.025 0.000 160 00.100 0.075 −0.075 −0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 161 0 0.1250.050 −0.075 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 162 0 0.125 0.075−0.075 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 0.000 0.000 163 0 0.125 0.075 −0.075−0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 164 0 0.125 0.075 −0.050 0.0000.000 −0.025 0.000 −0.025 −0.025 165 0 0.125 0.075 −0.050 0.000 0.000−0.025 0.000 −0.025 0.000 166 0 0.125 0.075 −0.050 0.000 0.000 −0.0250.000 0.000 0.000 167 0 0.125 0.075 −0.050 0.000 0.000 −0.025 0.0000.025 0.025

Section 27

APPENDIX C Through focus RIQ for combinations of spherical aberration inAppendix C Combination −1.50 −1.25 −1.00 −0.75 −0.50 −0.25 0.00 0.250.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 No Aberr 0.024 0.040 0.073 0.148 0.307 0.7091.000 0.709 0.307 0.148 0.073 0.040 0.024 101 0.071 0.102 0.206 0.3710.466 0.446 0.409 0.397 0.365 0.305 0.236 0.171 0.114 102 0.075 0.1130.213 0.357 0.421 0.407 0.430 0.459 0.402 0.301 0.220 0.160 0.110 1030.071 0.106 0.224 0.382 0.431 0.388 0.385 0.405 0.374 0.309 0.238 0.1730.120 104 0.045 0.079 0.216 0.430 0.524 0.446 0.376 0.385 0.383 0.3260.240 0.161 0.106 105 0.043 0.075 0.203 0.427 0.551 0.478 0.377 0.3550.350 0.314 0.242 0.160 0.101 106 0.045 0.108 0.230 0.382 0.459 0.4130.366 0.386 0.382 0.312 0.221 0.151 0.109 107 0.032 0.091 0.212 0.3230.360 0.391 0.463 0.483 0.407 0.317 0.255 0.198 0.141 108 0.044 0.1090.239 0.330 0.354 0.389 0.444 0.462 0.422 0.347 0.264 0.183 0.111 1090.029 0.106 0.231 0.314 0.358 0.427 0.489 0.478 0.403 0.321 0.251 0.1760.107 110 0.028 0.098 0.234 0.343 0.359 0.364 0.439 0.503 0.447 0.3240.232 0.168 0.109 111 0.033 0.093 0.221 0.343 0.385 0.402 0.469 0.5140.446 0.326 0.234 0.168 0.113 112 0.049 0.091 0.202 0.327 0.384 0.4050.450 0.467 0.400 0.303 0.223 0.163 0.116 113 0.048 0.082 0.211 0.4000.476 0.408 0.365 0.391 0.387 0.325 0.239 0.167 0.118 114 0.044 0.0950.211 0.386 0.486 0.426 0.358 0.375 0.370 0.305 0.231 0.167 0.119 1150.053 0.096 0.212 0.360 0.420 0.374 0.361 0.416 0.420 0.340 0.239 0.1640.119 116 0.067 0.121 0.220 0.342 0.392 0.355 0.361 0.434 0.455 0.3890.277 0.169 0.101 117 0.039 0.095 0.206 0.321 0.369 0.365 0.383 0.4220.418 0.358 0.268 0.180 0.120 118 0.061 0.120 0.212 0.315 0.388 0.3870.350 0.353 0.365 0.344 0.304 0.244 0.168 119 0.065 0.127 0.213 0.3090.364 0.393 0.432 0.436 0.395 0.342 0.269 0.183 0.111 120 0.040 0.0980.211 0.322 0.354 0.366 0.412 0.425 0.391 0.355 0.296 0.204 0.125 1210.039 0.104 0.236 0.352 0.374 0.383 0.441 0.469 0.426 0.351 0.264 0.1730.102 122 0.028 0.085 0.205 0.324 0.362 0.371 0.405 0.413 0.372 0.3220.267 0.194 0.125 123 0.039 0.083 0.201 0.313 0.367 0.431 0.486 0.4580.392 0.348 0.288 0.192 0.105 124 0.020 0.075 0.204 0.339 0.396 0.4170.452 0.459 0.403 0.317 0.242 0.172 0.107 125 0.044 0.096 0.203 0.3270.395 0.383 0.359 0.389 0.423 0.393 0.304 0.194 0.101 126 0.057 0.1060.205 0.327 0.410 0.411 0.368 0.358 0.369 0.346 0.293 0.224 0.147 1270.038 0.087 0.200 0.338 0.402 0.383 0.367 0.388 0.397 0.359 0.282 0.1940.123 128 0.037 0.097 0.206 0.319 0.378 0.380 0.379 0.396 0.381 0.3190.250 0.188 0.134 129 0.053 0.097 0.219 0.353 0.404 0.378 0.365 0.3970.395 0.323 0.235 0.163 0.112 130 0.050 0.106 0.211 0.342 0.446 0.4740.421 0.381 0.381 0.347 0.267 0.179 0.109 131 0.058 0.121 0.201 0.3020.420 0.465 0.419 0.397 0.393 0.330 0.238 0.161 0.104 132 0.025 0.0820.215 0.346 0.385 0.372 0.406 0.470 0.463 0.365 0.248 0.158 0.104 1330.059 0.103 0.205 0.318 0.370 0.369 0.394. 0.451 0.437 0.328 0.219 0.1510.109 134 0.045 0.095 0.210 0.336 0.389 0.380 0.383 0.424 0.441 0.3880.295 0.199 0.116 135 0.046 0.094 0.209 0.331 0.379 0.374 0.371 0.3920.413 0.383 0.303 0.207 0.121 136 0.048 0.102 0.208 0.326 0.393 0.3910.358 0.355 0.377 0.356 0.289 0.213 0.142 137 0.028 0.082 0.201 0.3250.378 0.368 0.367 0.418 0.461 0.422 0.319 0.200 0.103 138 0.024 0.0830.205 0.344 0.424 0.411 0.371 0.380 0.404 0.376 0.299 0.206 0.126 1390.036 0.107 0.214 0.316 0.387 0.398 0.373 0.388 0.408 0.363 0.278 0.1910.120 140 0.067 0.117 0.201 0.311 0.384 0.416 0.461 0.485 0.422 0.3120.219 0.151 0.102 141 0.055 0.105 0.215 0.361 0.464 0.483 0.431 0.3790.364 0.333 0.256 0.169 0.101 142 0.075 0.131 0.218 0.317 0.399 0.4380.415 0.382 0.374 0.331 0.245 0.168 0.110 143 0.052 0.090 0.204 0.3500.411 0.382 0.371 0.406 0.398 0.313 0.222 0.161 0.118 144 0.078 0.1180.208 0.319 0.381 0.398 0.405 0.407 0.399 0.353 0.273 0.194 0.124 1450.028 0.086 0.212 0.359 0.437 0.421 0.381 0.386 0.403 0.368 0.286 0.1920.116 146 0.036 0.105 0.226 0.341 0.402 0.405 0.382 0.390 0.405 0.3600.269 0.179 0.109 147 0.035 0.092 0.218 0.372 0.454 0.434 0.387 0.3830.391 0.352 0.272 0.183 0.111 148 0.042 0.104 0.231 0.363 0.423 0.4150.388 0.386 0.392 0.348 0.260 0.171 0.104 149 0.046 0.102 0.223 0.3810.471 0.449 0.391 0.374 0.371 0.329 0.255 0.177 0.110 150 0.053 0.1070.230 0.378 0.449 0.430 0.391 0.375 0.370 0.328 0.249 0.168 0.104 1510.087 0.139 0.218 0.318 0.389 0.428 0.447 0.425 0.379 0.315 0.228 0.1500.103 152 0.048 0.099 0.206 0.320 0.374 0.384 0.417 0.463 0.443 0.3360.220 0.154 0.125 153 0.042 0.095 0.205 0.324 0.375 0.387 0.427 0.4660.430 0.318 0.209 0.153 0.130 154 0.075 0.124 0.201 0.316 0.436 0.4540.387 0.368 0.367 0.303 0.217 0.152 0.104 155 0.072 0.118 0.205 0.3480.488 0.481 0.376 0.359 0.381 0.320 0.222 0.157 0.118 156 0.040 0.0960.200 0.357 0.504 0.508 0.407 0.366 0.363 0.301 0.213 0.155 0.119 1570.047 0.097 0.202 0.355 0.455 0.420 0.357 0.393 0.426 0.345 0.223 0.1560.132 158 0.053 0.110 0.206 0.316 0.403 0.413 0.369 0.385 0.428 0.3850.276 0.183 0.122 159 0.071 0.127 0.209 0.315 0.415 0.418 0.355 0.3700.417 0.368 0.260 0.175 0.126 160 0.050 0.107 0.206 0.329 0.429 0.4290.363 0.363 0.389 0.335 0.236 0.164 0.125 161 0.056 0.121 0.211 0.3040.386 0.420 0.400 0.393 0.387 0.319 0.226 0.161 0.121 162 0.055 0.1220.222 0.313 0.355 0.361 0.363 0.401 0.449 0.410 0.285 0.170 0.107 1630.063 0.129 0.233 0.335 0.403 0.411 0.363 0.354 0.400 0.387 0.291 0.1890.118 164 0.062 0.106 0.202 0.330 0.412 0.421 0.394 0.375 0.371 0.3480.275 0.177 0.105 165 0.050 0.107 0.217 0.345 0.423 0.426 0.379 0.3510.361 0.332 0.240 0.151 0.101 166 0.047 0.105 0.201 0.312 0.411 0.4590.438 0.418 0.420 0.366 0.262 0.173 0.112 167 0.053 0.119 0.210 0.3070.405 0.466 0.447 0.416 0.394 0.311 0.212 0.161 0.122

The invention claimed is:
 1. A lens for an eye, the lens having anoptical axis, a focal distance and wherein the lens comprises: anaberration profile along the optical axis, the aberration profile:including higher order aberrations having at least one of a primaryspherical aberration component C(4,0) and a secondary sphericalaberration component C(6,0), herein the aberration profile provides, fora model eye with no aberrations and an on-axis length equal to the focaldistance: a retinal image quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope thatdegrades in a direction of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3 whereinthe RIQ is Visual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the opticalaxis for at least one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over aspatial frequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at awavelength selected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive;and wherein the average slope over a horizontal field of at least −20°to +20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.
 2. The lens according toclaim 1, wherein the focal distance is a prescription focal distance fora myopic eye and wherein the focal distance differs from the focaldistance for a C(2,0) Zernike coefficient of the aberration profile. 3.The lens according to claim 1, wherein the lens is used for myopiacontrol with or without astigmatism.
 4. The lens according to claim 1,wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two sphericalaberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).
 5. The lensaccording to claim 1, wherein the higher order aberrations include atleast three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) toC(20,0).
 6. The lens according to claim 1, wherein the magnitude ofhigher order aberrations included is at least 0.02 um over a 3 mm, 4 mm,5 mm or 6 mm pupil diameter.
 7. The lens according to claim 1, whereinthe average slope over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20°degrades in a direction of eye growth.
 8. The lens according to claim 1,wherein the aberration profile provides a RIQ of at least 0.3 at thefocal length substantially across the pupil diameters in the range 3 mmto 6 mm.
 9. The lens according to claim 1, wherein the aberrationprofile provides a RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in adirection of eye growth when primary or secondary astigmatism is addedto the aberration profile.
 10. The lens according to claim 1, whereinthe RIQ is characterised by: ${{RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\int{\int_{{- F}\;\min}^{{+ F}\;\max}{{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}*}}} \\\left( \left( \left( {{FT}\left( {{{FT}\left\{ {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}*{\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2\pi\;{\mathbb{i}}}{\lambda}*{{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}}^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}},$ wherein: Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30cycles/degree; CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity functionCSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e^(−(0.114f)^1.1); where f specifies the testedspatial frequency, in the range of F_(min) to F_(max); FT denotes a 2Dfast Fourier transform; A(ρ,θ) denotes the pupil diameter; W(ρ,θ)denotes wavefront phase of the test case measured for i=1 to 20;${W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}$Wdiff(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited case; ρand θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the radialcoordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or azimuth; and λdenotes wavelength.
 11. A lens for an eye, the lens having an opticalaxis, a focal distance and wherein the lens comprises: an aberrationprofile along the optical axis, the aberration profile: including higherorder aberrations having at least one of a primary spherical aberrationcomponent C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0),herein the aberration profile provides, for a model eye with noaberrations and an on-axis length equal to the focal distance: a retinalimage quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that degrades in adirection of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3 wherein the RIQ isVisual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for atleast one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatialfrequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelengthselected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive; and whereinthe average slope over a vertical field of at least −20° to +20°degrades in a direction of eye growth.
 12. The lens according to claim11, wherein the focal distance is a prescription focal distance for amyopic eye and wherein the focal distance differs from the focaldistance for a C(2,0) Zernike coefficient of the aberration profile. 13.The lens according to claim 11, wherein the lens is used for myopiacontrol with or without astigmatism.
 14. The lens according to claim 11,wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two sphericalaberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).
 15. The lensaccording to claim 11, wherein the higher order aberrations include atleast three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) toC(20,0).
 16. The lens according to claim 11, wherein the magnitude ofhigher order aberrations included is at least 0.02 um over a 3 mm, 4 mm,5 mm or 6 mm pupil diameter.
 17. The lens according to claim 11, whereinthe average slope over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20°degrades in a direction of eye growth.
 18. The lens according to claim11, wherein the aberration profile provides a RIQ of at least 0.3 at thefocal length substantially across the pupil diameters in the range 3 mmto 6 mm.
 19. The lens according to claim 11, wherein the aberrationprofile provides a RIQ with a through focus slope that degrades in adirection of eye growth when primary or secondary astigmatism is addedto the aberration profile.
 20. The lens according to claim 11, whereinthe RIQ is characterised by: ${{RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{{\int{\int_{- {Fmin}}^{- {Fmax}}{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}}} +} \\\left( \left( \left( {F\;{T\left(  \right.}F\;{T\left( {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} + {\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2{\pi i}}{\lambda} + {W\left( {p,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}\left. ^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{{\int{\int_{- {Fmin}}^{- {Fmax}}{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}}} +} \\\left( \left( \left( {F\;{T\left(  \right.}F\;{T\left( {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} + {\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2{\pi i}}{\lambda} + {{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}\left. ^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}},$ wherein: Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30cycles/degree; CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity functionCSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.114f)e^(−(0.114f)^1.1); where f specifies the testedspatial frequency, in the range of F_(min) to F_(max); FT denotes a 2Dfast Fourier transform; A(ρ,θ) denotes the pupil diameter; W(ρ,θ)denotes wavefront phase of the test case measured for i=1 to 20;${W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}$Wdiff(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited case; ρand θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the radialcoordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or azimuth; and λdenotes wavelength.
 21. A lens for an eye, the lens having an opticalaxis, a focal distance and wherein the lens comprises: an aberrationprofile along the optical axis, the aberration profile: including higherorder aberrations having at least one of a primary spherical aberrationcomponent C(4,0) and a secondary spherical aberration component C(6,0),herein the aberration profile provides, for a model eye with noaberrations and an on-axis length equal to the focal distance: a retinalimage quality (RIQ) with a through focus slope that degrades in adirection of eye growth; and a RIQ of at least 0.3 wherein the RIQ isVisual Strehl Ratio measured substantially along the optical axis for atleast one pupil diameter in the range 3 mm to 6 mm, over a spatialfrequency range of 0 to 30 cycles/degree inclusive and at a wavelengthselected from within the range 540 nm to 590 nm inclusive; and whereinthe aberration profile provides a RIQ with a through focus slope thatdegrades in a direction of eye growth when primary or secondaryastigmatism is added to the aberration profile.
 22. The lens accordingto claim 21, wherein the focal distance is a prescription focal distancefor a myopic eye and wherein the focal distance differs from the focaldistance for a C(2,0) Zernike coefficient of the aberration profile. 23.The lens according to claim 21, wherein the lens is used for myopiacontrol with or without astigmatism.
 24. The lens according to claim 21,wherein the higher order aberrations include at least two sphericalaberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) to C(20,0).
 25. The lensaccording to claim 21, wherein the higher order aberrations include atleast three spherical aberration terms selected from the group C(4,0) toC(20,0).
 26. The lens according to claim 21, wherein the magnitude ofhigher order aberrations included is at least 0.02 um over a 3 mm, 4 mm,5 mm or 6 mm pupil diameter.
 27. The lens according to claim 21, whereinthe average slope over a horizontal field of at least −20° to +20°degrades in a direction of eye growth.
 28. The lens according to claim21, wherein the average slope over a vertical field of at least −20° to+20° degrades in a direction of eye growth.
 29. The lens according toclaim 21, wherein the aberration profile provides a RIQ of at least 0.3at the focal length substantially across the pupil diameters in therange 3 mm to 6 mm.
 30. The lens according to claim 21, wherein the RIQis characterised by: ${{RIQ} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{{\int{\int_{- {Fmin}}^{- {Fmax}}{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}}} +} \\\left( \left( \left( {F\;{T\left(  \right.}F\;{T\left( {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} + {\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2{\pi i}}{\lambda} + {W\left( {p,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}\left. ^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{{\int{\int_{- {Fmin}}^{- {Fmax}}{{CSF}\left( {x,y} \right)}}} +} \\\left( \left( \left( {F\;{T\left(  \right.}F\;{T\left( {{A\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} + {\exp\left\lbrack {\frac{2{\pi i}}{\lambda} + {{Wdiff}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}} \right\rbrack}} \right\}}\left. ^{2} \right)} \right) \right) \right)\end{matrix}}},$ wherein: Fmin is 0 cycles/degree and Fmax is 30cycles/degree; CSF(x, y) denotes the contrast sensitivity functionCSF(F)=2.6(0.0192+0.1140f)e^(−(0.114f)^1.1); where f specifies thetested spatial frequency, in the range of F_(min) to F_(max); FT denotesa 2D fast Fourier transform; A(ρ,θ) denotes the pupil diameter; W(ρ,θ)denotes wavefront phase of the test case measured for i=1 to 20;${W\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}{a_{i}{Z_{i}\left( {\rho,\theta} \right)}}}$Wdiff(ρ,θ) denotes wavefront phase of the diffraction limited case; ρand θ are normalised polar coordinates, where ρ represents the radialcoordinate and θ represents the angular coordinate or azimuth; and λdenotes wavelength.